关于animal intelligence的英语材料..简短一点的.100~200.

Intelligence
Chimpanzees make tools and use them to acquire foods and for social displays; they have sophisticated hunting strategies requiring cooperation,influence and rank; they are status conscious,manipulative and capable of deception; they can learn to use symbols and understand aspects of human language including some relational syntax,concepts of number and numerical sequence;[14] and they are capable of spontaneous planning for a future state or event.[15]
Tool use
One of the most significant discoveries was in October 1960 when Jane Goodall observed the use of tools among chimpanzees.Recent research indicates that chimpanzee stone tool use dates to at least 4,300 years ago.[16] Chimpanzee tool usage includes digging into termite mounds with a large stick tool,and then using a small stick that has been altered to "fish" the termites out.[17] A recent study revealed the use of such advanced tools as spears,with which Common Chimpanzees in Senegal sharpen with their teeth and use to spear Senegal Bushbabies out of small holes in trees.[18][19] Before the discovery of tool use in chimps,it was believed that humans were the only species to make and use tools,but several other tool-using species are now known.[20][21]
Studies of language
Side profile of a ChimpanzeeScientists have long been fascinated with the studies of language,believing it to be a unique human cognitive ability.To test this hypothesis,scientists have attempted to teach human language to several species of great apes.One early attempt by Allen and Beatrice Gardner in the 1960s involved spending 51 months teaching American Sign Language to a chimpanzee named Washoe.The Gardners reported that Washoe learned 151 signs,and that she had spontaneously taught them to other chimpanzees.[27] Over a longer period of time,Washoe learned over 800 signs.[28]
There is ongoing debate among some scientists,notably Noam Chomsky and David Premack,about non-human great apes' ability to learn language.Since the early reports on Washoe,numerous other studies have been conducted with varying levels of success,[29] including one involving a chimpanzee named,in parody,Nim Chimpsky,trained by Herbert Terrace of Columbia University.Although his initial reports were quite positive,in November 1979,Terrace and his team re-evaluated the videotapes of Nim with his trainers,analyzing them frame by frame for signs as well as for exact context (what was happening both before and after Nim’s signs).In the re-analysis,Terrace concluded that Nim’s utterances could be explained merely as prompting on the part of the experimenters,as well as mistakes in reporting the data.“Much of the apes’ behavior is pure drill,” he said.“Language still stands as an important definition of the human species.” In this reversal,Terrace now argued that Nim’s use of ASL was not like human language acquisition.Nim never initiated conversations himself,rarely introduced new words,and simply imitated what the humans did.Nim’s sentences also did not grow in length,unlike human children whose vocabulary and sentence length show a strong positive correlation