在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词.非谓语动词有动词不定式;动名词;现在分词;过去分词 非谓语动词用法: (1可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语,宾语,表语. (2可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语,表语或宾语补足语. (3可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语 (一)动词不定式:(to)+do,否定式:not + (to) do (1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在 谓语动词动作之后 I'm glad to meet you. (2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生 He seems to be reading in his room (3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前 I happened to have seen the film _2.不定式的句法功能: (1)作主语: To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. (2)作表语: Her job is to clean the hall. (3)作宾语: 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面, Marx found it important to study English well. (4)作宾语补足语: 在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force,call on, wait for, invite. (5)作定语: 动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系: ①动宾关系: I have a meeting to attend. 注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点,工具等,应有必要的介词 He found a good house to live in. ②说明所修饰名词的内容: We have made a plan to finish the work. ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语: He is the first to get here. (6)作状语: ①表目的: He worked day and night to get the money. ②表结果: He arrived late to find the train gone. ③表原因: They were very sad to hear the news. ④表程度: It's too dark for us to see anything. (二)动名词 1.动名词的形式 否定式:not + 动名词 (1)一般式: Seeing is believing. 眼见为实. (2)被动式: He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会. (3)完成式: We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影. (4)完成被动式: He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过. (5)否定式:not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告. 2.动名词的句法功能: (1)作主语: Reading aloud is very helpful. It's no use quarrelling. (2)作表语: In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵. (3)作宾语: They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝. We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好. (4)作定语: Is there a swimming pool in your school 你们学校有游泳池吗 (三)现在分词 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能. 1,现在分词的形式:否定式:not + 现在分词 (1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作 同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语.例如: They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去. (2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作. The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要. 2.现在分词的句法功能: (1)作定语: The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲. (2)现在分词作表语: The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒. (3)作宾语补足语 He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着. (4)现在分词作状语: ①作时间状语: (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人. ②作原因状语: Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人. ③作方式状语 He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗. ④作条件状语: (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间. ⑤作结果状语: He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎. ⑥作目的状语: He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了. ⑦作让步状语: Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了. (四)过去分词 过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成.不规则动词的过去分词 没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住. 过去分词的句法功能: 1.过去分词作定语: Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行. 2.过去分词作表语: The window is broken. 窗户破了. 3.过去分词作宾语补足语: I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了 4.过去分词作状语: Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.(表示原因) Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了.(表示时间) Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.(表示条件) Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子.(表示让步)
