Every language has grammatical processes by which a verb,a v

此句系由by which引导限制性定语从句
主句为Every language has grammatical processes.
which指代前文（主句,主句为主谓宾结构）的宾语grammatical processes
从句亦为主谓宾式结构,其中主语部分为a verb, a verb phrase, asentence, or a portion of a sentence including the verb,呈并列式
由此推断——including,系单独连接a portion of a sentence including和verb两者,不包括前面,否则说不通

译：各种语言都有很多语法化过程,通过这些（语法化）过程,动词、或（是）动词短语（
或：动词词组）、或单个句子、或包括动词在内的句子某部分可作名词短语（或：动词词组）.

供参