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2.Microbial surface thermodynamics
2.1.Microbial surface thermodynamic measurement
Microbial surface thermodynamic properties can be obtained
through contact angle measurements using the van
Oss–Chaundhury–Good equation [26]:
(1 + cos θ)γL = 2\1\2γ LW
S γ LW
L +\2γ + S γ − L +\2γ − S γ + L \3,
(1)
where γL is the surface tension of the liquid that is used
for the measurement (mJ/m2); γ LW Lifshitz–van der Waals
component of surface tension (subscript S for solid and L
for liquid) (mJ/m2); γ + electron-acceptor parameter and
γ − electron-donor parameter of Lewis acid–base component
of surface tension (subscript S for solid and L for liquid)
(mJ/m2).In addition,liquid surface tension γL can be
expressed in terms of Lifshitz–van der Waals and Lewis
acid–base components of surface tension γ LW
L ,γ + L and γ − L :
γL = γ LW
L +2\2γ − L γ + L .(2)
For the determination of microbial surface thermodynamics,
i.e.,γ LW
S ,γ + S and γ − S ,three contact angle measurements
(with three different liquids) are needed.Microbial contact
angles are usually measured by depositing cells on a flat
surface,growth of cells on a flat solid (nutrient) medium,
or suction-filtrating cell suspensions onto a flat filter.As
a certain amount of moisture is required during contact
angle measurements to maintain a smooth and measurable
surface,the thus measured microbial surface thermodynamic
properties depend on the lawn moisture contents (Fig.1).
2.2.Factors that impact microbial surface thermodynamics
2.2.1.Growth conditions
Microbial anabolism depends upon a stoichiometric ratio
of carbon and nitrogen,two essential components,to synthesize
new cellular materials [23].Different carbon and nitrogen
conditions yield different cell growth rates and surface
thermodynamic properties.Table 1 shows the surface thermodynamics
of some microorganisms cultured under different
carbon and nitrogen conditions.For the same carbon
source,ammonia yields greater electron donor parameter of
Lewis acid–base component of surface tension,γ −; while
nitrate yields greater van der Waals component of surface
tension γ LW.When carbon is limited,microorganisms have
smaller γ −,but greater γ LW than that of no nutrient limitation.
When nitrogen is the limiting factor,bacteria have
smaller γ LW,but greater γ −.Whereas,there is no reporting
germane ζ potential changes with regarding to growth
conditions.
2.Microbial surface thermodynamics
2.1.Microbial surface thermodynamic measurement
Microbial surface thermodynamic properties can be obtained
through contact angle measurements using the van
Oss–Chaundhury–Good equation [26]:
(1 + cos θ)γL = 2\1\2γ LW
S γ LW
L +\2γ + S γ − L +\2γ − S γ + L \3,
(1)
where γL is the surface tension of the liquid that is used
for the measurement (mJ/m2); γ LW Lifshitz–van der Waals
component of surface tension (subscript S for solid and L
for liquid) (mJ/m2); γ + electron-acceptor parameter and
γ − electron-donor parameter of Lewis acid–base component
of surface tension (subscript S for solid and L for liquid)
(mJ/m2).In addition,liquid surface tension γL can be
expressed in terms of Lifshitz–van der Waals and Lewis
acid–base components of surface tension γ LW
L ,γ + L and γ − L :
γL = γ LW
L +2\2γ − L γ + L .(2)
For the determination of microbial surface thermodynamics,
i.e.,γ LW
S ,γ + S and γ − S ,three contact angle measurements
(with three different liquids) are needed.Microbial contact
angles are usually measured by depositing cells on a flat
surface,growth of cells on a flat solid (nutrient) medium,
or suction-filtrating cell suspensions onto a flat filter.As
a certain amount of moisture is required during contact
angle measurements to maintain a smooth and measurable
surface,the thus measured microbial surface thermodynamic
properties depend on the lawn moisture contents (Fig.1).
2.2.Factors that impact microbial surface thermodynamics
2.2.1.Growth conditions
Microbial anabolism depends upon a stoichiometric ratio
of carbon and nitrogen,two essential components,to synthesize
new cellular materials [23].Different carbon and nitrogen
conditions yield different cell growth rates and surface
thermodynamic properties.Table 1 shows the surface thermodynamics
of some microorganisms cultured under different
carbon and nitrogen conditions.For the same carbon
source,ammonia yields greater electron donor parameter of
Lewis acid–base component of surface tension,γ −; while
nitrate yields greater van der Waals component of surface
tension γ LW.When carbon is limited,microorganisms have
smaller γ −,but greater γ LW than that of no nutrient limitation.
When nitrogen is the limiting factor,bacteria have
smaller γ LW,but greater γ −.Whereas,there is no reporting
germane ζ potential changes with regarding to growth
conditions.
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