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1、Newton believed that the aim of physics is an exact description of phenomena of motion in quantitative terms.Thus the concept of force could be admitted into scientific demonstrations even if the ultimate reality of force were not comprehended.In Newton’s work,it made possible the reconciliation of the tradition of mathematical description,represented by Galileo,with the tradition of mechanical philosophy,represented by Descartes.By uniting the two,Newton carried the scientific work of the 17th century to that plane of achievement which has led historians to speak of a scientific revolution.And modern science continues to pursue its effective course within the framework thus established.
\x052、The times immediately preceding Galileo are full of precursors.Astronomers,navigators,artists,and technologists raised practical and theoretical questions that are pregnant of the future.Many of the great artists of the Italian Renaissance — Leonardo da Vinci,for example — had an insatiable curiosity for what we would now call scientific problems.However,I find a great difference between their surmises,occasionally truly far-seeing,and the results of work done about a century later in Galileo’s time.Mental attitudes and methods had rapidly changed.We can recognize this if we make any attempt to read the “scientific” literature of the late call scientific in a modern sense.The capital methodological discoveries were made by Galileo when he recognized the power of the combination of experiments with mathematics.
\x053、Every one knows,if he knows nothing else,that commodities have a value form common to them all,and presenting a marked contrast with the varied bodily forms of their use values.I mean their money form.Here,however,a task is set us,the performance of which has never yet even been attempted by bourgeois economy,the task of tracing the genesis of this money form,of developing the expression of value implied in the value relation of commodities,from its implest,almost imperceptible outline,to the dazzling money form.By doing this we shall,at the same time,solve the riddle presented by money. The simplest value relation is evidently that of one commodity to some one other commodity of a different kind.Hence the relation between the values of two commodities supplies us with the simplest expression of the value of a single commodity.
1、Newton believed that the aim of physics is an exact description of phenomena of motion in quantitative terms.Thus the concept of force could be admitted into scientific demonstrations even if the ultimate reality of force were not comprehended.In Newton’s work,it made possible the reconciliation of the tradition of mathematical description,represented by Galileo,with the tradition of mechanical philosophy,represented by Descartes.By uniting the two,Newton carried the scientific work of the 17th century to that plane of achievement which has led historians to speak of a scientific revolution.And modern science continues to pursue its effective course within the framework thus established.
\x052、The times immediately preceding Galileo are full of precursors.Astronomers,navigators,artists,and technologists raised practical and theoretical questions that are pregnant of the future.Many of the great artists of the Italian Renaissance — Leonardo da Vinci,for example — had an insatiable curiosity for what we would now call scientific problems.However,I find a great difference between their surmises,occasionally truly far-seeing,and the results of work done about a century later in Galileo’s time.Mental attitudes and methods had rapidly changed.We can recognize this if we make any attempt to read the “scientific” literature of the late call scientific in a modern sense.The capital methodological discoveries were made by Galileo when he recognized the power of the combination of experiments with mathematics.
\x053、Every one knows,if he knows nothing else,that commodities have a value form common to them all,and presenting a marked contrast with the varied bodily forms of their use values.I mean their money form.Here,however,a task is set us,the performance of which has never yet even been attempted by bourgeois economy,the task of tracing the genesis of this money form,of developing the expression of value implied in the value relation of commodities,from its implest,almost imperceptible outline,to the dazzling money form.By doing this we shall,at the same time,solve the riddle presented by money. The simplest value relation is evidently that of one commodity to some one other commodity of a different kind.Hence the relation between the values of two commodities supplies us with the simplest expression of the value of a single commodity.
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