分词的独立主格结构

解题思路： 如下
解题过程：
分词的独立主格结构
　　分词的独立主格结构是分词的一种特殊形式，在句中作状语。在分词的独立主格结构中，名词或代词同其后的分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等在逻辑上有主谓关系。分词独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由现在分词或过去分词构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
　　1.分词的独立主格结构构成类型
　　1)"逻辑主语＋分词"或"名词／代词＋分词"形式。例如：
　　He sat in front of them ,his dusty face masking his age.
　　他坐在他们的前面，满是灰尘的脸掩盖了他的真实年龄。
　　All things considered,the planned trip will have to be called off.
　　考虑到所有的事情，原计划的旅行将被迫取消。
　　2)There being＋主语。例如：
　　There being no danger,the police went back to their police office.
　　既然没有危险，警察们又回到警局。
　　There having been no rain,the crops were dying.
　　没有下雨，庄稼就要旱死了。
　　3)with＋名词词组＋分词。例如：
　　With the problem settled,they were happy and relaxed.
　　问题解决了，他们又高兴又轻松。
　　With the price of gold going up,our economy would be improved.
　　随着黄金价格的上涨，我们的经济形式会有所好转。
　　2.逻辑主语与分词的关系
　　现在分词表示主动，逻辑主语发出、作出动作；过去分词表示被动，逻辑主语承受动作；分词的完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。例如：
　　Writing to her,he expresses his wish to be a lawyer.他写信给她，表示自己要当一名律师。
　　I found the letter written ten minutes ago by John.我发现信是十分钟前约翰写的。
形式选择中应该注意的问题
1. 现在分词还是过去分词？
1). 在独立主格结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词。如：
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
（句中“冬天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，故用现在分词）
It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres.
那儿的湿度很大，所以树都长得特别高，一些高达90多米。
（句中some与measure为逻辑上主谓关系，应用现在分词）
2). 主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词。如：
More money given, we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained.
（句中“money”和“give”是动宾关系，因此用过去分词）
3). 在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。如：
The snow having stopped, she went out to sweep the snow in the yard.
4). 现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，有时却有共同之处：现在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。例如：
①As her skirt was caught on a nail, she could not move.
→Her skirt being caught on a nail, she could not move.
→Her skirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
②After his work had been finished, he went home.
→His work having been finished, he went home.
→His work finished, he went home.
2. 分词结构还是独立结构？
上面的例子告诉我们，独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如：
Since he was very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.
不可改为独立结构：
He being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.
但可改为分词结构：
Being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.
基本功运用：
1. The weather ____ so bad, we had to put the game off.
A. was B. is C. were D. being
2. There ____ no classes yesterday, we paid a visit to the Great Wall.
A. was B. being C. were D. had been
3. The problem ____, the meeting came to the end.
A. settled B. was settled C. being settled D. setting
4. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes ____ and his hands ____.
A. being closed；trembling B. closed；trembling
C. closed；trembled D. closing；trembled
5. 2007年山东卷33题
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ______ at the end of last March.
A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched
6. ______, the work can be done much better.
A. Given more time B. We had been given more time
C. More time given D. If more time had given
7. ____, he went and watched the game.
A. His homework done B. Done his homework
C. His homework doing D. If he will do his homework
8. ____, she went to the cinema house.
A. She finished her supper B. Finished supper
C. Her supper finished D. To be finished her supper
答案：1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B
5. B。〖解题思路〗：考查非谓语动词，即独立主格结构。题干中逗号，且无连词，首先排除A。根据at the end of last March，排除C（正在进行）和D（将来动作）项，表示动作完成故选B。
最终答案：略