问题描述:
英语翻译
1)Before making the final-location survey,you should make office studies consisting of the preparation of a map from preliminary survey data,projection of a tentative alignment and profile,and preliminary estimates of quantities and costs.Use this information as a guide for the final location phase.The final location in the field is carefully established by your transit party,using the paper location prepared from the preliminary survey.The center line may vary from the paper location because of objects or conditions that were not previously considered,but these changes should not be made by you,the surveyor,without the authority of the engineering officer.
2)Traditionally,highway location practice has been field-oriented,that is,the bulk of the location party's time and oeffort went to measurement and observation "on the ground".Reconnaissance of the area was the first step; the location,using available topographic maps and sometime an airplane,explored the area.His aim was to search out feasible routes and determine such primary controls as mountain passes or suitable river crossings and to locate major obstacles such as steep slopes or marshes.Reconnaissance of feasible routes came second.Each of routes was covered on foot and rough measures of relative length,difficulty,and cost were taken.Where rate of climb was critical,slopes were measured with a hand level or some comparable instrument.Distances and angles commonly were measured by transit(经纬仪) and taping(钢尺) methods
1)Before making the final-location survey,you should make office studies consisting of the preparation of a map from preliminary survey data,projection of a tentative alignment and profile,and preliminary estimates of quantities and costs.Use this information as a guide for the final location phase.The final location in the field is carefully established by your transit party,using the paper location prepared from the preliminary survey.The center line may vary from the paper location because of objects or conditions that were not previously considered,but these changes should not be made by you,the surveyor,without the authority of the engineering officer.
2)Traditionally,highway location practice has been field-oriented,that is,the bulk of the location party's time and oeffort went to measurement and observation "on the ground".Reconnaissance of the area was the first step; the location,using available topographic maps and sometime an airplane,explored the area.His aim was to search out feasible routes and determine such primary controls as mountain passes or suitable river crossings and to locate major obstacles such as steep slopes or marshes.Reconnaissance of feasible routes came second.Each of routes was covered on foot and rough measures of relative length,difficulty,and cost were taken.Where rate of climb was critical,slopes were measured with a hand level or some comparable instrument.Distances and angles commonly were measured by transit(经纬仪) and taping(钢尺) methods
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