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英语翻译
according to sociologists,there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States.In the fanfily traditional cultural patterns confer ,) leadership on one or both of the parents.In other cases,such as friendship groups,one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,although there is no formal process of selection.In larger groups,leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability,decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather,virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore,although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals.Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
according to sociologists,there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States.In the fanfily traditional cultural patterns confer ,) leadership on one or both of the parents.In other cases,such as friendship groups,one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,although there is no formal process of selection.In larger groups,leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability,decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather,virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore,although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals.Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
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