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the most popular methods being implemented in the industrial world for recycle,reuse and resource conservation (Garner and Keoleian,1995).In an industrial ecosystem,several industries are interconnected through mass and energy streams for mutual benefit (Ehrenfeld,2004).It converts the industrial process from a linear process to a cyclic process where the waste generated by one industry can be used as a resource by another industry (Lou et al.,2004; Sikdar,2003).Several such industrial ecosystems have been developed around the world.For example,the agro-chemical complex at Kalundborg,Denmark (The Kalundborg Centre for Industrial Symbiosis,2003),Industrial Complex in the Lower Mississippi River Corridor (Indala,2004),the Dalian Economic andTechnological Development Zone,China (United Nations Environment Program,2000) and several ecoparks in US like Cabazon Resource Recovery Park,Mecca,CA,Urban Ore Resource Recovery Park,San Leandro,CA and The Brownsville Project,Brownsville,TX (USEPA,2006).If appropriately designed,the large amounts of carbon dioxide generated from some members of a symbiosis may be used as feedstock for some other members.However,the cost,benefit and environmental impacts of this symbiosis need to be judiciously assessed to avoid potential risks.
Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a procedure to evaluate and analyze the environmental impacts of a product or service by using the complete input and output data about the material and energy involved at various stages of the life cycle of the product or service,starting from the stage of collecting raw material from earth and ending at the stage when all this material is returned to earth.An LCA can be utilized to do a comparative analysis of various design schemes for a process or service and to isolate the process causing maximum harm to the environment in its entire life cycle.
the most popular methods being implemented in the industrial world for recycle,reuse and resource conservation (Garner and Keoleian,1995).In an industrial ecosystem,several industries are interconnected through mass and energy streams for mutual benefit (Ehrenfeld,2004).It converts the industrial process from a linear process to a cyclic process where the waste generated by one industry can be used as a resource by another industry (Lou et al.,2004; Sikdar,2003).Several such industrial ecosystems have been developed around the world.For example,the agro-chemical complex at Kalundborg,Denmark (The Kalundborg Centre for Industrial Symbiosis,2003),Industrial Complex in the Lower Mississippi River Corridor (Indala,2004),the Dalian Economic andTechnological Development Zone,China (United Nations Environment Program,2000) and several ecoparks in US like Cabazon Resource Recovery Park,Mecca,CA,Urban Ore Resource Recovery Park,San Leandro,CA and The Brownsville Project,Brownsville,TX (USEPA,2006).If appropriately designed,the large amounts of carbon dioxide generated from some members of a symbiosis may be used as feedstock for some other members.However,the cost,benefit and environmental impacts of this symbiosis need to be judiciously assessed to avoid potential risks.
Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a procedure to evaluate and analyze the environmental impacts of a product or service by using the complete input and output data about the material and energy involved at various stages of the life cycle of the product or service,starting from the stage of collecting raw material from earth and ending at the stage when all this material is returned to earth.An LCA can be utilized to do a comparative analysis of various design schemes for a process or service and to isolate the process causing maximum harm to the environment in its entire life cycle.
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