Abstract :The purpose of this paper was to study the practice of military art at the operational level of war.The story of Wellington's ultimate success against Napoleon's Marshals was selected as a case study as it seemed rich in the application of mental agility to achieve an asymmetrical military advantage in a theater of war.As military theory recognizes two general types of military art,classical strategy and operational art,the research question was constructed to determine if Wellington practiced pure classic strategy,or an early/transitional form of operational art.
摘要：本文的目的是针对战争具体战役中所运用的军事学术进行研究.惠灵顿最终战胜拿破仑的元帅们的故事被选为实例研究,因为它似乎充满了以敏锐思维在战场实现军事上非对称优势的案例.由于军事理论总的来说分为两类军事学术,古典兵法和作战艺术,本研究课题在于确定惠灵顿所使用的究竟是纯粹的古典兵法,还是一种早期/过渡式的作战艺术.
In order to provide a basis of analysis,the essential elements of both classic strategy and operational art are next defined.The history of classic strategy is outlined,then the theory of Clausewitz and Jomini used to define its four basic elements.The practice of operational art is then traced,from its inception by U.S.Grant during the American Civil War,to Soviet operational theory developed in the 1920's.
为了提供分析的基础,接下来是对古典兵法和作战艺术的根本要素进行定义.首先概述古典兵法的历史,然后以克劳斯威茨和约米尼理论来定义该兵法的四个基本因素.接着追溯作战艺术的运用,从尤利西斯•修•格兰特于美国内战期间创立开始直至上世纪二十年代开展的苏联战役理论.
The theory of Dr.James Schneider,a primary interpreter of both Grant and the Soviets,provides the eight essential elements of operational art.To round out the section on military art,U.S.operational doctrine is outlined and discussed.Like most military officers,Wellington was a creature of his own experience,therefore a chapter is dedicated to the lessons he learned as a young officer in India.
格兰特与苏联理论的首要诠译者,詹姆斯斯耐德博士的理论为作战艺术提出八个根本要素.最后以美国战役主义的概述与讨论,结束了这段有关军事学术的章节.犹如大多数军官,惠灵顿是一个受自身经历支配的人,因此特挪出一章节阐述他作为一名年轻军官时在印度的经历与教训.
The following chapter is dedicated to a study of the Peninsular War.As the research question deals with both the operational and strategic levels of war,Wellington's tactics are neglected in favor of his campaign concepts and execution.Analysis determines that in,three out of five campaigns,Wellington practiced a pure form of classic strategy.Unfortunately,these campaigns all ended in failure.
下一章是致力于研究半岛战争.既然研究课题论述的是战争的战役与战略,因此忽略惠灵顿的战术而只注重他的战役概念及执行.根据分析可以确定,惠灵顿在五个战役里,其中有三个执行的是纯粹古典兵法.遗憾的是这些战役都以失败告终.
【英语牛人团】
