问题描述：
请把高中英语人教版的定语从句,名词性从句和非谓语动词总结一下,这是很重要的语法,
问题解答：
我来补答
定语从句
1.为什么会有限制性和非限制性定语从句的出现?中英文定语从句词序有什么区别.
定语从句有两个功能,一个是限制以帮助人们寻找区分出某人或某物..另一功能是修饰形容.,就象中文里的“伟大的,光荣的,正确的”的抒情描述一样,没有寻找区别功能.我们要在一群女孩里找出一个叫罗勤燕的女孩,那就必须对这群女孩子进行限制,找出罗勤燕的一些个性特征：如：The girl who is very tall is Luo Qinyin.那个又高又漂亮的女孩就是罗勤燕.“又高又漂亮的女孩”就是限制性定语从句,它能帮助人找出罗勤燕.如果“罗勤燕”当先行词,教室里的女孩那么多个,不限制就找不出罗勤燕,罗勤燕只有一个,对“罗勤燕”就不能用限制性,必须用非限制性.非限制只能是补充说明, Luo Qinyin,who is very tall ,is our monitor .这句话翻译与限制性完全不同:罗勤燕是我们的班长,她很高.”她很高.”是补充说明,要翻译成另一句话,它没有帮助寻找区分的功能.,而限制性定语从句只是一句话..
2.限制性定语从句的特点: 在中文中后置的被修饰限制的名词在英语中都是前置的,放在从句前当先行词.而定语从句又总是紧紧放在先行词后面.这就出现了与中文不一样的词序：主句和从句混在一起,主句的谓语动词与从句的谓语动词可紧紧地凑近混合在一起.
1）The girl who is dancing dances well.
2）The thing that I tasted tastes sweat
3）The girl at whom I looked looks beautiful.
从句的动词与主句的动词紧挨在一起,很容易令学生感到混乱,别扭,很容易出现分不清主句,从句,不懂句子是什么意思的问题.请试翻译以下句子:
1}.”The teacher pointed out that that that that student wrote was in wrong place .”
2).The person who is brave is afraid to look at my eyes.
I can can the can that is smaller into the can that is bigger .
3).The house whose windows are big is big .
4)The students who didn’t come didn’t get the money .
5)The boy who is tall is shorter than some classmates in the university in the north.
3．先行词,引导词,从句的主语这三个位置都是考试中惯考的三类难点.有两个技巧我们必须要掌握：1.凡是含有定语从句的复合句,都必须有两个主语,两个谓语动词,如果少一个主语或少一个谓语动词,都是不]正确的句子.象我们这次甲级联赛中都出现这样的错误：The student who is very tall and beautiful .
1）that ,which ,who ,whose,where,when都是考试惯考的引导词..
a.引导词在当从句宾语时可以省略.但先行词,从句主语却不能省略,这个要注意.
1}______(a. the one b. that c. which d. who) you talked to is talking to us now.
2}I like the book_________(a. you b. that c. the one d. who)talked about .
b. which可以指代前面的整句话,这时which前面总是有个逗号,which在从句中大多当主语,偶尔也有在从句中当宾语的.
1)She tore my photo_____{a,which b. who c. which d. whose} I took in Guangzhou .
2) She tore my photo_____{a,which b. who c. which d. whose} made me angry .
3}I sat on the chair _____{a,which b. who c. which d. whose}legs are broken .
4.在表示地点的名词当先行词时,其后的定语从句中的动词大多数是不及物的,都是用where或介词+which引导从句.只有visit ,build ,buy ,sell ….等及物动词可以用在地点名词后的定语从句中,那时只能用关系代词which, that,当宾语可以省略.
1)The school _____I studied ten years ago becomes more and more beautiful.
2) The school _______I visited ten years ago becomes more and more beautiful.
3)This is the house in _____ I lived many years ago.
4) This is the house_______ I built many years ago .
5)The bookshop ______he works is very large .
6)The bookshop ______ he bought last year is very large .
7)The bookshop ______he bought the book is very large .
5.在表示时间的名词当先行词时, 其后的定语从句中的动词也大多数是不及物的,都是用when或介词+which引导从句,只有spend,remember, forget,等少数几个及物动词词可以用在时间名词引导的定语从句中,它可以带时间名词当宾语,这时从句只能用which ,that引导,当从句宾语时that ,which当宾语可以省略以省略.
1）I’ll never forget the days _______ I lived in Beijing .
2) I’ll never forget the days _______ I spent in Beijing .
3)The time _____ you forget is the day after tomorrow .
4)The time _____you’ll meet me in Beijing is the day after tomorrow .
5)The time _____ you remembered to stop heating the soup is too late .
6)The time _____you remembered is 9:30 .
2.名词性从句应注意的要点.
名词性从句相当于一个名词,所以宾语从句,主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句都属于名词性从句.名词性从句与定语从句不同的地方有：
1）定语从句有先行词,名词性从句没有先行词.
The thing that you ate just now is a fly .
What you ate just now is a fly .
2）定语从句不能用what,而名词性从句可以用what引导,也可以用that来引导,what在名词性从句中充当主语如宾语,that在名词性从句中不充当句子成份.
(1)_____(a.That b.What c. Which d. The word ) must be said has been said .
(2)_____(a.That b.What c. Which d. The word ) he was chosen has been said .
3）What引导的名词性从句常可翻译为“……的”,表示一种与人动作相关的特定的物或特定的人,用what引导指物的有:”你看到的””他吃的””该做的””该说的”用who引导,指人的有“是谁干了某事”还不知道,还仍然是个问题.”如“What you said is not true.”“What I want to get is what is in your hand .”“You are lucky,you own what a woman doesn’t own ：beauty and wisdom .
4)我们用who来引导名词性从句,who表示不确定未落实的“谁”.不是”…..的人”例如:Who will be chosen is not known. It is still a question who killed that poor girl .由于不确定,所以不能用the person who来代替who.确定,限定特定的人应该用定语从句,例如:例如:有一个主人招待客人.一些客人来了,他说,“该来的没来.”结果已经来了的一些人以为他们是“不该来的已经来了”于是走了.那主人又说“不该走的又走了.”结果还在现场的人以为他们是“该走的没有走”,于是又走了.这主人说的话就是“The persons who should come haven’t come .”“The persons who should not leave have left .那客人想到的就是：“The persons who should not come have come.”“The persons who should leave haven’t leave .”
5)whoever,whatever,whichever,whenever,wherever,有让步的意思,即”无论…….都”有”不管任何那一个都会”的广泛随机抽查随便那一个结果都一样”的意思.而没有-ever后缀的W疑问词引导的名词性从句则没有这个让步的意思.
如:”她嫁给谁还不知道.”这句话就没有广泛随机任何一个的意思,可能她只是在确定的选择小圈子里嫁给张三还是李四有点拿不定主意.”.她脾气这么坏,她嫁给谁谁倒霉.”侧是没有确定对象,广泛大范围而又随机随意选择的”无论她嫁给世界中随便任何的那一个男人,那个男人都会倒霉.”凡是让步,都是大范围,不确定,非事实的任意假设.下面辨别一下,那些应该让步,那些不是让步.
(1)_____ has stole the money has not been found out .
(2)_____ touches the highline will die .
(3)She refused to eat ______her mother gave her .
(4)She eats _____her mother leaves her in the pot .
(5)_____ the prisoner runs,he will be caught some day .
(6)_____ the prisoner might hide is still a question .
6)宾语从句的词序是把提问部分提前后按正常词序排列.特别是疑问句,不要用倒装的疑问词序.如：
He asked what my name is .而不是He asked what is my name .
非谓语动词
非谓语动词在英语里是一项重要的语言表现形式,它与汉语动词的使用方法习惯很不一样,是不少中国学生容易混淆出错的知识能力要点.
非谓语动词有四个特出的特点：
一,它不能当谓语,因此在同一句子中一定还会另有一个谓语动词.象“I running in the morning every day.""he named Liping." 就是没有谓语动词的错误的句子.
使用汉语的学生比较容易犯的错误：
二,非谓语动词前不需要形式主语和连词.
1,除了独立主格结构外,非谓语动词都没有形式主语出现在它的前面,如出现了多余的主语那反而是错的句子.但主语不出现不等于没有主谓关系.非谓语动词肯定与主句的主语存在着隐含的逻辑主谓关系,如找不出这种关系那一般都是错误的句子.如“从山上看下去,我们的城市很美丽.”主句的主语“城市”不会“看”,不存在逻辑主谓关系,只存在动宾关系.因此不能用“Seeing",而只能用"Seen from the mountain , ..." 被动的形式来表示.或用独立主格：“Anybody seeing it from the mountain ,the city looks very beautiful."又比如“听到这个消息,她的眼泪流出来了.”“眼泪”不会“听”,不存在逻辑主谓关系,因此不能象中文一样直译：Hearing the news,her tears came along her check.应该说：Hearing the news ,she had tears coming along her check.
2,非谓语动词不需要because,as,if,when,while 等连词,但它却已经含有连词的意思.象 Because not having prepared my lesson,I can't answer the question.就是错的,应删去Because.
反之,如不用非谓语而用从句,那表示原因,条件,时间,伴随,目的的从句前又必须有连词.而中文却是可以省连词的,如 “喝牛奶肚子痛”“喝牛奶,人健康.”“喝牛奶呛着了”都可以可以不用连词或二分句都加用连词.因此中国学生往往容易犯”两个分句都用连词”或”两个分句都不用连词”的错误,如：“因为我病了,所以今天我不能上学”译成：Because I am ill, so I can't go to school today.又例如: I am poor, I can't buy the house. "I am poor"显然与后面的句子有逻辑因果关系,应加连词Since或变成“Being poor,I can't buy the the house. 两分句都有连词,就无主句了.就象群龙无首,全国无君一样. 多连词导致无主句;如二个分句都不用连词,就变成二个分句都是主句, 无连词就会混淆主次, 就象人人都当首领,没有大臣了
正确的英语句子应该是:无连词的一个主句,一个或多个非谓语动词短语:Not being good at English,I study hard .用一个主句,一个或多个有连词的从句. :Although I am not good at English, I study hard .一主一从或一主多从,一谓语一非谓语或多非谓语,是我们应形成的英语句型逻辑.
用非谓语动词形式给下列句子改错:
1)Seeing many times, the new words couldn’t be remembered by me .
2)Cleaning every day, our classroom looks fine .
3)You have helped me a lot ,I really thank you a lot .
4)You come to my home ,I’ll teach you how to use it .
5)You lend me 20000 yuan, I’ll buy a house .
6)You laughing, I crying .
7)Because she loves you ,so she is hating you .
8)If you leave, and then I leave .
1.为什么会有限制性和非限制性定语从句的出现?中英文定语从句词序有什么区别.
定语从句有两个功能,一个是限制以帮助人们寻找区分出某人或某物..另一功能是修饰形容.,就象中文里的“伟大的,光荣的,正确的”的抒情描述一样,没有寻找区别功能.我们要在一群女孩里找出一个叫罗勤燕的女孩,那就必须对这群女孩子进行限制,找出罗勤燕的一些个性特征：如：The girl who is very tall is Luo Qinyin.那个又高又漂亮的女孩就是罗勤燕.“又高又漂亮的女孩”就是限制性定语从句,它能帮助人找出罗勤燕.如果“罗勤燕”当先行词,教室里的女孩那么多个,不限制就找不出罗勤燕,罗勤燕只有一个,对“罗勤燕”就不能用限制性,必须用非限制性.非限制只能是补充说明, Luo Qinyin,who is very tall ,is our monitor .这句话翻译与限制性完全不同:罗勤燕是我们的班长,她很高.”她很高.”是补充说明,要翻译成另一句话,它没有帮助寻找区分的功能.,而限制性定语从句只是一句话..
2.限制性定语从句的特点: 在中文中后置的被修饰限制的名词在英语中都是前置的,放在从句前当先行词.而定语从句又总是紧紧放在先行词后面.这就出现了与中文不一样的词序：主句和从句混在一起,主句的谓语动词与从句的谓语动词可紧紧地凑近混合在一起.
1）The girl who is dancing dances well.
2）The thing that I tasted tastes sweat
3）The girl at whom I looked looks beautiful.
从句的动词与主句的动词紧挨在一起,很容易令学生感到混乱,别扭,很容易出现分不清主句,从句,不懂句子是什么意思的问题.请试翻译以下句子:
1}.”The teacher pointed out that that that that student wrote was in wrong place .”
2).The person who is brave is afraid to look at my eyes.
I can can the can that is smaller into the can that is bigger .
3).The house whose windows are big is big .
4)The students who didn’t come didn’t get the money .
5)The boy who is tall is shorter than some classmates in the university in the north.
3．先行词,引导词,从句的主语这三个位置都是考试中惯考的三类难点.有两个技巧我们必须要掌握：1.凡是含有定语从句的复合句,都必须有两个主语,两个谓语动词,如果少一个主语或少一个谓语动词,都是不]正确的句子.象我们这次甲级联赛中都出现这样的错误：The student who is very tall and beautiful .
1）that ,which ,who ,whose,where,when都是考试惯考的引导词..
a.引导词在当从句宾语时可以省略.但先行词,从句主语却不能省略,这个要注意.
1}______(a. the one b. that c. which d. who) you talked to is talking to us now.
2}I like the book_________(a. you b. that c. the one d. who)talked about .
b. which可以指代前面的整句话,这时which前面总是有个逗号,which在从句中大多当主语,偶尔也有在从句中当宾语的.
1)She tore my photo_____{a,which b. who c. which d. whose} I took in Guangzhou .
2) She tore my photo_____{a,which b. who c. which d. whose} made me angry .
3}I sat on the chair _____{a,which b. who c. which d. whose}legs are broken .
4.在表示地点的名词当先行词时,其后的定语从句中的动词大多数是不及物的,都是用where或介词+which引导从句.只有visit ,build ,buy ,sell ….等及物动词可以用在地点名词后的定语从句中,那时只能用关系代词which, that,当宾语可以省略.
1)The school _____I studied ten years ago becomes more and more beautiful.
2) The school _______I visited ten years ago becomes more and more beautiful.
3)This is the house in _____ I lived many years ago.
4) This is the house_______ I built many years ago .
5)The bookshop ______he works is very large .
6)The bookshop ______ he bought last year is very large .
7)The bookshop ______he bought the book is very large .
5.在表示时间的名词当先行词时, 其后的定语从句中的动词也大多数是不及物的,都是用when或介词+which引导从句,只有spend,remember, forget,等少数几个及物动词词可以用在时间名词引导的定语从句中,它可以带时间名词当宾语,这时从句只能用which ,that引导,当从句宾语时that ,which当宾语可以省略以省略.
1）I’ll never forget the days _______ I lived in Beijing .
2) I’ll never forget the days _______ I spent in Beijing .
3)The time _____ you forget is the day after tomorrow .
4)The time _____you’ll meet me in Beijing is the day after tomorrow .
5)The time _____ you remembered to stop heating the soup is too late .
6)The time _____you remembered is 9:30 .
2.名词性从句应注意的要点.
名词性从句相当于一个名词,所以宾语从句,主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句都属于名词性从句.名词性从句与定语从句不同的地方有：
1）定语从句有先行词,名词性从句没有先行词.
The thing that you ate just now is a fly .
What you ate just now is a fly .
2）定语从句不能用what,而名词性从句可以用what引导,也可以用that来引导,what在名词性从句中充当主语如宾语,that在名词性从句中不充当句子成份.
(1)_____(a.That b.What c. Which d. The word ) must be said has been said .
(2)_____(a.That b.What c. Which d. The word ) he was chosen has been said .
3）What引导的名词性从句常可翻译为“……的”,表示一种与人动作相关的特定的物或特定的人,用what引导指物的有:”你看到的””他吃的””该做的””该说的”用who引导,指人的有“是谁干了某事”还不知道,还仍然是个问题.”如“What you said is not true.”“What I want to get is what is in your hand .”“You are lucky,you own what a woman doesn’t own ：beauty and wisdom .
4)我们用who来引导名词性从句,who表示不确定未落实的“谁”.不是”…..的人”例如:Who will be chosen is not known. It is still a question who killed that poor girl .由于不确定,所以不能用the person who来代替who.确定,限定特定的人应该用定语从句,例如:例如:有一个主人招待客人.一些客人来了,他说,“该来的没来.”结果已经来了的一些人以为他们是“不该来的已经来了”于是走了.那主人又说“不该走的又走了.”结果还在现场的人以为他们是“该走的没有走”,于是又走了.这主人说的话就是“The persons who should come haven’t come .”“The persons who should not leave have left .那客人想到的就是：“The persons who should not come have come.”“The persons who should leave haven’t leave .”
5)whoever,whatever,whichever,whenever,wherever,有让步的意思,即”无论…….都”有”不管任何那一个都会”的广泛随机抽查随便那一个结果都一样”的意思.而没有-ever后缀的W疑问词引导的名词性从句则没有这个让步的意思.
如:”她嫁给谁还不知道.”这句话就没有广泛随机任何一个的意思,可能她只是在确定的选择小圈子里嫁给张三还是李四有点拿不定主意.”.她脾气这么坏,她嫁给谁谁倒霉.”侧是没有确定对象,广泛大范围而又随机随意选择的”无论她嫁给世界中随便任何的那一个男人,那个男人都会倒霉.”凡是让步,都是大范围,不确定,非事实的任意假设.下面辨别一下,那些应该让步,那些不是让步.
(1)_____ has stole the money has not been found out .
(2)_____ touches the highline will die .
(3)She refused to eat ______her mother gave her .
(4)She eats _____her mother leaves her in the pot .
(5)_____ the prisoner runs,he will be caught some day .
(6)_____ the prisoner might hide is still a question .
6)宾语从句的词序是把提问部分提前后按正常词序排列.特别是疑问句,不要用倒装的疑问词序.如：
He asked what my name is .而不是He asked what is my name .
非谓语动词
非谓语动词在英语里是一项重要的语言表现形式,它与汉语动词的使用方法习惯很不一样,是不少中国学生容易混淆出错的知识能力要点.
非谓语动词有四个特出的特点：
一,它不能当谓语,因此在同一句子中一定还会另有一个谓语动词.象“I running in the morning every day.""he named Liping." 就是没有谓语动词的错误的句子.
使用汉语的学生比较容易犯的错误：
二,非谓语动词前不需要形式主语和连词.
1,除了独立主格结构外,非谓语动词都没有形式主语出现在它的前面,如出现了多余的主语那反而是错的句子.但主语不出现不等于没有主谓关系.非谓语动词肯定与主句的主语存在着隐含的逻辑主谓关系,如找不出这种关系那一般都是错误的句子.如“从山上看下去,我们的城市很美丽.”主句的主语“城市”不会“看”,不存在逻辑主谓关系,只存在动宾关系.因此不能用“Seeing",而只能用"Seen from the mountain , ..." 被动的形式来表示.或用独立主格：“Anybody seeing it from the mountain ,the city looks very beautiful."又比如“听到这个消息,她的眼泪流出来了.”“眼泪”不会“听”,不存在逻辑主谓关系,因此不能象中文一样直译：Hearing the news,her tears came along her check.应该说：Hearing the news ,she had tears coming along her check.
2,非谓语动词不需要because,as,if,when,while 等连词,但它却已经含有连词的意思.象 Because not having prepared my lesson,I can't answer the question.就是错的,应删去Because.
反之,如不用非谓语而用从句,那表示原因,条件,时间,伴随,目的的从句前又必须有连词.而中文却是可以省连词的,如 “喝牛奶肚子痛”“喝牛奶,人健康.”“喝牛奶呛着了”都可以可以不用连词或二分句都加用连词.因此中国学生往往容易犯”两个分句都用连词”或”两个分句都不用连词”的错误,如：“因为我病了,所以今天我不能上学”译成：Because I am ill, so I can't go to school today.又例如: I am poor, I can't buy the house. "I am poor"显然与后面的句子有逻辑因果关系,应加连词Since或变成“Being poor,I can't buy the the house. 两分句都有连词,就无主句了.就象群龙无首,全国无君一样. 多连词导致无主句;如二个分句都不用连词,就变成二个分句都是主句, 无连词就会混淆主次, 就象人人都当首领,没有大臣了
正确的英语句子应该是:无连词的一个主句,一个或多个非谓语动词短语:Not being good at English,I study hard .用一个主句,一个或多个有连词的从句. :Although I am not good at English, I study hard .一主一从或一主多从,一谓语一非谓语或多非谓语,是我们应形成的英语句型逻辑.
用非谓语动词形式给下列句子改错:
1)Seeing many times, the new words couldn’t be remembered by me .
2)Cleaning every day, our classroom looks fine .
3)You have helped me a lot ,I really thank you a lot .
4)You come to my home ,I’ll teach you how to use it .
5)You lend me 20000 yuan, I’ll buy a house .
6)You laughing, I crying .
7)Because she loves you ,so she is hating you .
8)If you leave, and then I leave .
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