问题描述：
哪里有置之死地而后生的典故的英文版
就是关于项羽大破秦军的故事,Thx!
就是关于项羽大破秦军的故事,Thx!
问题解答：
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[edit] Early career
Xiang Yu was born when Qin -- the first regime that unified China -- was completing its conquests of the other kingdoms of the Warring States Period. This was finally accomplished in 221 BC under Emperor Ying Zheng (嬴政, later known as Qin Shi Huang). As a member of a family privileged in the now defunct kingdom of Chu, Xiang was opposed to Qin rule. He was raised by his uncle Xiàng Liáng, which suggested that his father, and possibly both parents, died early. Xiang Yu was born with a double pupil in one of his eyes, a symbol for the destiny of a king. His unique double pupil eye was known in the political world ever since he was just a baby. Despite the prophecy, his uncle Xiang Liang was a realist, and instructed the young Xiang Yu in martial arts. The rebellious young Xiang Yu rejected the idea, believing that martial arts was not worth his time. Xiang Liang then tried to school Xiang Yu in traditional Chinese military strategies, such as those from the Art of War, but was rejected again by Xiang Yu, who felt that it is a waste of his youth. Disappointed in Xiang Yu, who showed no sign of motivation or apparent talent except for his unusual physical strength, Xiang Liang gave up and let Xiang Yu have his way.
After Qin Shi Huang's death in 210 BC, however, there were revolts everywhere against his incompetent son and successor Ying Huhai (Qin Er Shi). Many of these revolts claimed to be attempts to restore the kingdoms that Qin had conquered two decades earlier. One of these rebellions started in 209 BC, under Xiang Liang. At that time, the Xiangs were living in the region of Wú (modern southern Jiangsu). Xiang Liang was well known as the descendant of the Chu general Xiang Yan, and people of the Wu region quickly rallied about him in resistance to Qin. After one of the first and strongest rebel generals, Chen Sheng, then styling himself the Prince of Chu, was assassinated by one of his guards, Xiang Liang assumed leadership of a coalition of rebels. Serving under his uncle, Xiang Yu showed quickly both his military ingenuity and his ruthlessness. For example, when his uncle commissioned him to attack the Qin stronghold Xiangcheng (襄城, in modern Xuchang, Henan), he conquered the city despite its strong defenses, and after it fell, he slaughtered the entire population.
To rally the disparate forces against Qin, Xiang Liang reinstated the Chu monarchy and installed a member of the deposed Chu royalty, Mi Xin (芈心), as the Prince of Chu in 208 BC. Initially, under Xiang Liang's control, Mi Xin was more or less a puppet prince. However, when Xiang Liang died in battle later that year, there was no single general who took his place, and the rebel Chu's generals and the Prince became an effective collective leadership, with the Prince gradually asserting his authority. A demonstration of this was that, against Xiang Yu's wishes, in winter 208 BC, he sent Xiang Yu as the second-in-command to Song Yi (宋义) in an expeditionary force to relieve Zhao Xie (赵歇), the Prince of Zhào, who was then under resurgent Qin siege by Qin general Zhang Han in his capital Handan (in modern city of the same name in Hebei). He put Liu Bang in command of another expeditionary force (which Xiang had wished to command) against the heart of Qin itself. Around this time, Prince Mi Xin also named Xiang the Duke of Lu.
[edit] The Battle of Julu and Xiang's rise to military supremacy
Song Yi was an incompetent general. Believing that Qin and Zhao forces would wear each other out and not realizing that Zhao was at the brink of destruction, Song stopped some distance away from Julu (钜鹿, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), where the Prince of Zhao and his forces had retreated to, and did not proceed further. Xiang, wanting to attack immediately but unable to persuade Song, took the matter into his own hands: at a military conference, he surprised and assassinated Song. Other generals, who were already intimidated by his military capabilities, offered Song's command to him, and Prince Xin was forced to retroactively approve it.
Xiang quickly marched toward Handan. At the time of his arrival at the battlefield, the city of Julu and the Zhao forces within had been nearly starved by the besieging Qin forces, under general Wang Li (王离), an assistant to Zhang Han. Xiang understood the importance of reducing the Qin forces' effectiveness first, and he accomplished this by cutting off Wang's supply lines. To further prevent Wang Li from using his weakness as a source of motivation for his army, Xiang Yu ordered his forces to carry three days of supplies and destroy the rest, giving his troops the option of quick, decisive victory or death. Still, no other relief force sent by other rebel principalities dared to engage the Qin forces, and Xiang attacked them alone. He fought nine engagements before the Qin forces collapsed and Zhang was forced to retreat. Wang was captured. After the battle, all other rebel generals, regardless of whether they came from Chu or not, were so awed by Xiang, that they voluntarily came under his command. Xiang then prepared for a final confrontation with Zhang.
That confrontation would not happen, however. The Qin prime minister, the eunuch Zhao Gao, had become jealous of Zhang's military successes and became concerned that Zhang would replace him. He falsely accused, before Qin Er Shi, Zhang of military failure and conspiracy with the rebels. Having no other option, Zhang surrendered to Xiang without a fight in summer 207 BC. Xiang slaughtered the surrendering Qin army except for Zhang and a few other generals, and, ignoring Prince Xin, named Zhang the King of Yong (a region within Qin proper (i.e., the former territory of Qin during the Warring States Period before its expansion), modern central Shaanxi), even though he had not yet captured Qin proper.
Entry into Qin proper and Xiang's jealousy of Liu Bang
Xiang then prepared an invasion against the heart of Qin, to wipe Qin out. He was unaware that, by this point, Liu Bāng had already proceeded deep into Qin and was near its capital Xianyang (near modern Xi'an, Shaanxi). Xiányáng and Qin's final ruler, Zi Ying, surrendered to Liu's forces in winter 207 BC, ending the Qin Dynasty. When Xiang arrived at Hangu Pass, the gateway into Qin proper, he found the pass guarded by Liu's forces, and in anger, he sieged it, even though Liu was a fellow Chu general. He then approached Liu's forces, which he outnumbered three to one. At a famous event later known as the Feast at Hong Gate, Xiang required Liu, under duress, to attend a feast he put on and considered executing Liu at the feast. His advisor Fan Zeng (范增) strongly encouraged him to do so. However, Xiang listened to his uncle Xiang Bo (项伯), a friend of Liu's strategist Zhang Liang and spared Liu, although he would continued to bear grudge against Liu for robbing him of the glory of destroying Qin.
Under a promise issued by Prince Xin of Chu earlier, Liu Bang had assumed that he, as the one who entered Xianyang first, would be created the Prince of Guanzhong (which includes the capital Xianyang and most of Qin proper). He had also planned to make Ying Ying, whose wisdom and knowledge he admired, his prime minister. Xiang paid no attention to Liu's presumptive title to Qin, and he, in another act of deliberate cruelty, killed Ying Ying. It is also generally believed that he burned down the Qin palace, which contained a large royal library commissioned by Qin Shi Huang. The unique copies of many "forbidden books" were then lost forever. However, recent reports from historians said that Xiang Yu did not burn down the Qin Palace. Despite advice from one of his advisors to set his own capital at Xianyang, Xiang was intent on returning to his home region of Chu. Xiang said "To not return home when one has made his fortune is like walking in the night with rich robes, who will notice?" (富贵不归乡,如锦绣夜行,谁知之尔?). In which one of the advisors muttered "Those men of Chu are nothing but apes wearing robes", when Xiang Yu heard that insult he made sure that advisor was executed by being boiled alive slowly.
Xiang Yu was born when Qin -- the first regime that unified China -- was completing its conquests of the other kingdoms of the Warring States Period. This was finally accomplished in 221 BC under Emperor Ying Zheng (嬴政, later known as Qin Shi Huang). As a member of a family privileged in the now defunct kingdom of Chu, Xiang was opposed to Qin rule. He was raised by his uncle Xiàng Liáng, which suggested that his father, and possibly both parents, died early. Xiang Yu was born with a double pupil in one of his eyes, a symbol for the destiny of a king. His unique double pupil eye was known in the political world ever since he was just a baby. Despite the prophecy, his uncle Xiang Liang was a realist, and instructed the young Xiang Yu in martial arts. The rebellious young Xiang Yu rejected the idea, believing that martial arts was not worth his time. Xiang Liang then tried to school Xiang Yu in traditional Chinese military strategies, such as those from the Art of War, but was rejected again by Xiang Yu, who felt that it is a waste of his youth. Disappointed in Xiang Yu, who showed no sign of motivation or apparent talent except for his unusual physical strength, Xiang Liang gave up and let Xiang Yu have his way.
After Qin Shi Huang's death in 210 BC, however, there were revolts everywhere against his incompetent son and successor Ying Huhai (Qin Er Shi). Many of these revolts claimed to be attempts to restore the kingdoms that Qin had conquered two decades earlier. One of these rebellions started in 209 BC, under Xiang Liang. At that time, the Xiangs were living in the region of Wú (modern southern Jiangsu). Xiang Liang was well known as the descendant of the Chu general Xiang Yan, and people of the Wu region quickly rallied about him in resistance to Qin. After one of the first and strongest rebel generals, Chen Sheng, then styling himself the Prince of Chu, was assassinated by one of his guards, Xiang Liang assumed leadership of a coalition of rebels. Serving under his uncle, Xiang Yu showed quickly both his military ingenuity and his ruthlessness. For example, when his uncle commissioned him to attack the Qin stronghold Xiangcheng (襄城, in modern Xuchang, Henan), he conquered the city despite its strong defenses, and after it fell, he slaughtered the entire population.
To rally the disparate forces against Qin, Xiang Liang reinstated the Chu monarchy and installed a member of the deposed Chu royalty, Mi Xin (芈心), as the Prince of Chu in 208 BC. Initially, under Xiang Liang's control, Mi Xin was more or less a puppet prince. However, when Xiang Liang died in battle later that year, there was no single general who took his place, and the rebel Chu's generals and the Prince became an effective collective leadership, with the Prince gradually asserting his authority. A demonstration of this was that, against Xiang Yu's wishes, in winter 208 BC, he sent Xiang Yu as the second-in-command to Song Yi (宋义) in an expeditionary force to relieve Zhao Xie (赵歇), the Prince of Zhào, who was then under resurgent Qin siege by Qin general Zhang Han in his capital Handan (in modern city of the same name in Hebei). He put Liu Bang in command of another expeditionary force (which Xiang had wished to command) against the heart of Qin itself. Around this time, Prince Mi Xin also named Xiang the Duke of Lu.
[edit] The Battle of Julu and Xiang's rise to military supremacy
Song Yi was an incompetent general. Believing that Qin and Zhao forces would wear each other out and not realizing that Zhao was at the brink of destruction, Song stopped some distance away from Julu (钜鹿, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), where the Prince of Zhao and his forces had retreated to, and did not proceed further. Xiang, wanting to attack immediately but unable to persuade Song, took the matter into his own hands: at a military conference, he surprised and assassinated Song. Other generals, who were already intimidated by his military capabilities, offered Song's command to him, and Prince Xin was forced to retroactively approve it.
Xiang quickly marched toward Handan. At the time of his arrival at the battlefield, the city of Julu and the Zhao forces within had been nearly starved by the besieging Qin forces, under general Wang Li (王离), an assistant to Zhang Han. Xiang understood the importance of reducing the Qin forces' effectiveness first, and he accomplished this by cutting off Wang's supply lines. To further prevent Wang Li from using his weakness as a source of motivation for his army, Xiang Yu ordered his forces to carry three days of supplies and destroy the rest, giving his troops the option of quick, decisive victory or death. Still, no other relief force sent by other rebel principalities dared to engage the Qin forces, and Xiang attacked them alone. He fought nine engagements before the Qin forces collapsed and Zhang was forced to retreat. Wang was captured. After the battle, all other rebel generals, regardless of whether they came from Chu or not, were so awed by Xiang, that they voluntarily came under his command. Xiang then prepared for a final confrontation with Zhang.
That confrontation would not happen, however. The Qin prime minister, the eunuch Zhao Gao, had become jealous of Zhang's military successes and became concerned that Zhang would replace him. He falsely accused, before Qin Er Shi, Zhang of military failure and conspiracy with the rebels. Having no other option, Zhang surrendered to Xiang without a fight in summer 207 BC. Xiang slaughtered the surrendering Qin army except for Zhang and a few other generals, and, ignoring Prince Xin, named Zhang the King of Yong (a region within Qin proper (i.e., the former territory of Qin during the Warring States Period before its expansion), modern central Shaanxi), even though he had not yet captured Qin proper.
Entry into Qin proper and Xiang's jealousy of Liu Bang
Xiang then prepared an invasion against the heart of Qin, to wipe Qin out. He was unaware that, by this point, Liu Bāng had already proceeded deep into Qin and was near its capital Xianyang (near modern Xi'an, Shaanxi). Xiányáng and Qin's final ruler, Zi Ying, surrendered to Liu's forces in winter 207 BC, ending the Qin Dynasty. When Xiang arrived at Hangu Pass, the gateway into Qin proper, he found the pass guarded by Liu's forces, and in anger, he sieged it, even though Liu was a fellow Chu general. He then approached Liu's forces, which he outnumbered three to one. At a famous event later known as the Feast at Hong Gate, Xiang required Liu, under duress, to attend a feast he put on and considered executing Liu at the feast. His advisor Fan Zeng (范增) strongly encouraged him to do so. However, Xiang listened to his uncle Xiang Bo (项伯), a friend of Liu's strategist Zhang Liang and spared Liu, although he would continued to bear grudge against Liu for robbing him of the glory of destroying Qin.
Under a promise issued by Prince Xin of Chu earlier, Liu Bang had assumed that he, as the one who entered Xianyang first, would be created the Prince of Guanzhong (which includes the capital Xianyang and most of Qin proper). He had also planned to make Ying Ying, whose wisdom and knowledge he admired, his prime minister. Xiang paid no attention to Liu's presumptive title to Qin, and he, in another act of deliberate cruelty, killed Ying Ying. It is also generally believed that he burned down the Qin palace, which contained a large royal library commissioned by Qin Shi Huang. The unique copies of many "forbidden books" were then lost forever. However, recent reports from historians said that Xiang Yu did not burn down the Qin Palace. Despite advice from one of his advisors to set his own capital at Xianyang, Xiang was intent on returning to his home region of Chu. Xiang said "To not return home when one has made his fortune is like walking in the night with rich robes, who will notice?" (富贵不归乡,如锦绣夜行,谁知之尔?). In which one of the advisors muttered "Those men of Chu are nothing but apes wearing robes", when Xiang Yu heard that insult he made sure that advisor was executed by being boiled alive slowly.
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