After the unequal treaty terms of 1900,which carved away territories,created extraterritorial concessions,gave away trade privileges.Under internal and external pressure the Qing court began to adopt some of the reforms.The Qing managed to maintain its political power by brutally suppressing all domestic rebellions,often at great costs.Dissidents could operate only in secret societies and underground organizations,in foreign concessions or overseas.In general the revolution was a reaction to the declining Qing state and its inability to reform and modernize China to confront the challenges posed by foreign powers and reverse domestic decline,and the majority Han Chinese's resentment of the ruling Manchu minority.Revolutionary Groups and Uprisings
Dozens of revolutionary organizations were established including Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui(1894),Huang Xing's Huaxinghui(1904),Cai Yuanpei's Guangfuhui(1904)and so on.Among these the unified Tongmenghui(United League)which was established by Sun Yat-sen in August 1905 in Tokyo was the most important one.
The Xinhai Revolution was supported by many groups,including students and intellectuals who returned from abroad,as well as participants of the revolutionary organizations,overseas Chinese,soldiers of the new army,local gentry,farmers,and others.
Revolutionary groups launched a series of uprisings to overthrow the Manchu government but all uprisings prior to the Wuchang Uprising had failed.Finally the Wuchang Uprising broke out on October 10th 1911.
As we know it is the 100 anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution this year.The Xinhai Revolution also known as the Revolution of 1911 was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty,the Qing (1644–1912),and established the Republic of China.Spread the ideas of democracy and republic,and brought earthshaking social changes in modern China that had a profound impact.The revolution consists of many revolts and uprisings.The turning point is the Wuchang Uprising on October 10,1911 that was a result of the mishandling of the Railway Protection Movement.The revolution ended with the abdication of the "Last Emperor" Puyi on February 12,1912,that marked the end of over 2,000 years of Imperial China and the beginning of China's Republican era.Today,people continue to pay homage to the ideals of the revolution including nationalism,republicanism,modernization of China and the national unity.In mainland China,October 10 usually celebrated as the Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution.Many overseas Chinese also celebrate the anniversary in Chinatowns across the world.
