问题描述：
英语翻译
Cognitive Computing
Many elements of the information technology revolution that have vastly
increased the effectiveness of the U.S.military and transformed American
society—time-sharing,interactive computing,the ideas behind the personal
computer,the Internet—were spurred on by the vision of a scientist at DARPA in
the 1960s and 1970s,J.C.R.Licklider.Licklider envisioned people and
computers working symbiotically.He imagined the potential of computers
seamlessly adapting to people as partners that handle routine information
processing tasks.Thus people would be free to focus on what they do best—
think analytically and creatively—and,thereby,greatly extend the powers of
their minds,i.e.,what they can know,understand,and do.
Despite the enormous and continuing progress in information technology over
the years,it is clear that we are still quite short of Licklider’s vision.While
current information systems are critical to U.S.national defense,they remain
exceedingly complex,expensive to create and debug,hard to integrate with
each other,insecure,and prone to failure.And,they still require the user to
adapt to them,rather than the other way around.Computers have grown ever
faster,but they remain fundamentally unintelligent and difficult to use.
Page 10 of 14
Something dramatically different is needed.
In response,DARPA’s Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) is
returning to its roots to take on Licklider’s vision again in a strategic thrust
called “cognitive computing.” Cognitive computers can be thought of as systems
that know what they are doing.
Cognitive computing systems will have the ability to reason about their
environment (including other systems),their goals,and their own capabilities.
They will be able to learn both from experience and by being taught.They will
be capable of natural interactions with users and will be able to explain their
reasoning in natural terms.They will be robust in the face of surprises and
avoid the brittleness and fragility of previous expert systems.
Cognitive Computing
Many elements of the information technology revolution that have vastly
increased the effectiveness of the U.S.military and transformed American
society—time-sharing,interactive computing,the ideas behind the personal
computer,the Internet—were spurred on by the vision of a scientist at DARPA in
the 1960s and 1970s,J.C.R.Licklider.Licklider envisioned people and
computers working symbiotically.He imagined the potential of computers
seamlessly adapting to people as partners that handle routine information
processing tasks.Thus people would be free to focus on what they do best—
think analytically and creatively—and,thereby,greatly extend the powers of
their minds,i.e.,what they can know,understand,and do.
Despite the enormous and continuing progress in information technology over
the years,it is clear that we are still quite short of Licklider’s vision.While
current information systems are critical to U.S.national defense,they remain
exceedingly complex,expensive to create and debug,hard to integrate with
each other,insecure,and prone to failure.And,they still require the user to
adapt to them,rather than the other way around.Computers have grown ever
faster,but they remain fundamentally unintelligent and difficult to use.
Page 10 of 14
Something dramatically different is needed.
In response,DARPA’s Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) is
returning to its roots to take on Licklider’s vision again in a strategic thrust
called “cognitive computing.” Cognitive computers can be thought of as systems
that know what they are doing.
Cognitive computing systems will have the ability to reason about their
environment (including other systems),their goals,and their own capabilities.
They will be able to learn both from experience and by being taught.They will
be capable of natural interactions with users and will be able to explain their
reasoning in natural terms.They will be robust in the face of surprises and
avoid the brittleness and fragility of previous expert systems.
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