问题描述：
英语翻译
史诗与悲剧
1、在西方文学中,史诗和悲剧无疑是两个非常重要的部分,这二者在西方文学的体系中有着重大的文化价值和历史价值.谈到西方文学和文艺学,史诗和悲剧是必不可少的.所谓史诗,是一种古老的诗歌形式,其产生年代早于一般或现存的古希腊抒情诗和悲剧,其内容主要是记述民族先祖的创业功绩和对部落战争、民族迁徙及开疆、远征、历险等历史过程的追忆、描述和歌颂.如古希腊的《荷马史诗》、古印度的《摩诃婆罗多》《罗摩衍那》以及古巴比伦的《吉尔伽美什》,他们都有几个共同的特点：庄重严肃,容量大篇幅长,内容丰富.
2、在中国汉民族的历史典籍中虽有反映民族迁徙和发展的诗歌,但从容量、篇幅和内容看,是不具备史诗的特点的,如《诗经》中的《生民》、《公刘》、《皇矣》、《绵》、《大明》等几篇作品就分别记载了从周民族的始祖后稷的诞生到武王灭商建立周朝的各个阶段的历史,讴歌了周民族历代先祖带领本族人民艰苦创业、发展壮大的历史功绩.几部作品连缀起来就组成了一幅周民族诞生、发展、成长壮大的史诗般的画卷,但从篇幅的大小看仍不具史诗的气势和规模.
3、所谓悲剧,亚里士多德在《诗学》中这样来定义：“悲剧是一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动摹仿.”他强调悲剧是一种摹仿的行为,且是要发生在舞台之上,这种摹仿不是德谟克利特所说的“文艺摹仿自然”,而是严肃的完整的有一定行动长度的摹仿,是对人乃至人类社会的摹仿,这种摹仿必须遵从三一律（时间、地点、情节）,只有遵从了三一律的“摹仿”才识严格意义上的悲剧.
4、在西方,经典的悲剧作品是数之不尽的,以古希腊埃斯库罗斯的作品和莎士比亚的四大悲剧（《哈姆莱特》《李尔王》《奥瑟罗》《麦克白》）及莫里哀等人的作品最为著名,而在中国可以看到的悲剧只有元杂剧《赵氏孤儿》,但从三一律的要求来看,《赵氏孤儿》就不是悲剧了.
问题解答：
我来补答
Epic and tragedy
In western literature,undoubtedly,epic and tragedy are of extraordinary importance which has significant value of culture and history in the system of western literature.When it comes to western literature,and also,literature and art,the epic and the tragedy are of the essence.The so-called epic is an old form of poetry whose production age was earlier than the general or existing lyrics and tragedies of the ancient Greek,and which consists of the record of the ancestors' merit and the recall,descriptions and praises of the tribal war,ethnic migration along with expand of empire,adventure and expedition in the historical process.For example,the Homeric Hymns of ancient Greek,the Mahabharata and the Ramayana of ancient India as well as the Gilgamesh of ancient Babylon.They all have some common features:solemn in style,large in capacity,great in length and abundant in content.
Although poetry's reflection of migration of nationality and development in the classics of Chinese Han nationality,it does not have the characteristics of the epic in the eyes of capacity,length and content.For example,in the Books of Songs,Shengmin,Gongliu,Huangyi,Mian and Daming respectively recorded the history of each stage from the birth of the first ancestor Houji of Zhou nationality to the ruin of Shang Dynasty and the establishment of Zhou Dynasty and eulogized the historical merit of the successive dynasties ancestors of Zhou Dynasty leading the native people to hard work,development and growth.Linking these several works together,obviously,it forms a epic portrait of birth,development,growth and expansion of Zhou nationality,however,it still does not have the epic momentum and scale from the size of the space.
The so-called tragedy,defined in Poetics by Aristotle:"Tragedy is an action imitation which is serious,complete and has certain length".He emphasized that tragedy is a imitative action and should be performed on stage.This kind of imitation is not "art imitates nature" just like what Demokrit said but a serious,complete,and has certain length one and aims at people or even human society.This imitation must follow the the three unities(time,place and plot) and it is the strict tragedy only when complying with it.
In the west,the classic tragedies are countless.The ancient Greek author Aeschylus's works and Shakespeare's four tragedies(Hamlet,King Lear,Othello and Macbeth) are especially famous as well as Moliere,etc.However,the unique tragedy that can be seen in China is Zhaoshi Orphan belonging to Yuans of drama.But it is not a tragedy if judging from the three unities.
