问题描述：
英语!初中生要掌握的所有语法!
我有分数 多的是,
给我初中生要掌握的所有语法,
不要拷贝
我有分数 多的是,
给我初中生要掌握的所有语法,
不要拷贝
问题解答：
我来补答
所有词性相关知识 int. n. pron. v. conj. adv. adj .
abbr. art. prep. aux. vi. vt. num.
pl.
int.----interjection：感叹词 n.-----noun：名词
pron.----pronoun：代词 v.----verb：动词
conj.-----conjunction：连词 adv.----adverb：副词
adj.------adjective：形容词 abbr------abbreviation：缩写
art.-----article：冠词 prep.-----preposition：介词
aux.-----auxiliary：助词 vi.------verb intransitive：不及物动词
vt.------verb transitive：及物动词 num.-------number：数词
pl-------plural：复数 sing------singular：单数
所有时态和形式 ：
■表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”.如：
She said she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生.
注意：过去完成时是一种相对时态,一定要有一个作参照的过去时间或过去动作作比较,否则,就不能用过去完成时.但下列3种情况虽然有是先后发生的两个过去动词,却同用一般过去时：
1. 先后发生的一系列动作,但并不强调先后时,最后两个动词用then,and,but 等连接.如：
On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期下午,格林夫人去了市场,买了些香蕉,然后去看望了她的表姐.
2. 两个动作是紧接着发生的,可用一般过去时.如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited. 我听到那个消息时,非常高兴.
3. 叙述历史事实,可用一般过去时.如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 我们老师告诉我们哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲.
■表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态.跟现在完成时一样,也常与how long, for three days, before等表示一段时间的状语连用.如：
When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 当杰克到来时,他才了解到玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了.
■表示未曾实现的希望或打算.表示希望或打算的动词,如hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等的过去完成时,后接不定式to do时,表示未曾实现的希望或打算,即“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做) ”.如：
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so. 我本来希望寄给他一张圣诞卡的,但我忘了寄了.
I had intended to come over to see you last night,but someone called and I couldn’t get away. 昨晚我本想去看你的,但有人来了我走不开.
■用于下列4个特殊句型中：
1. hardly…when…, no sooner…than…
2. It/ That /This was the first time that…
3. It was+时间段+since…(from www.yygrammar.com)
4. …than sb. had thought /expected /hoped /wanted等.
Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我刚开开门,他就告诉了我.
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了.
It was the second time he had been out with her. 这是他第二次和她一道出去.
It was more than a year now since he had seen her. 他上次见她以来已经一年多了.
We arrived earlier than we had expected. 我们到得比预料的早.
■表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作,其结果的影响现在依然存在.有时与just, already, yet, recently, before, twice, three times等时间状语连用,如：
I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了.(现在我知道电影的内容了.)
Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? )
注意：
1. 现在完成时不与yesterday, last week, two days ago, in1983, just now, when等表示具体的过去时间的状语连用.
2. 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等；而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响,因此,若现在影响并不存在时就不能用现在完成时了.如说I have closed the door. 那门现在也是关着的,若被风吹开了,就只能说I closed the door. 了.
■表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态.常与“since+时间点”,“for+时间段”,及how long, (ever) since, ever, before, so far, in the last /past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用.如：
She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了.
We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树.
So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息.
They’ve lived here since 1989. 从1989年起他们就在这里住了.
I saw Julia in April and I haven’t seen her since. 我四月见到朱莉娅,从那之后就没见到她了.
注意：非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时,在肯定句中不能与for或since等引导的时间段连用.但其在否定式是可与这类时间状语连用的.如：I haven’t met him for two years. 我两年没有遇见他了.
■用于This/That/It is the first(second…) time that…句型中.如：
It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city. 这是我第三次参观这个美丽的城市了.
■用于This/That/It is +the+形容词最高级+名词+that…句型中.如：
That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 这是我看过的最有意思的书.
由would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to等加动词原形构成, 也可由was/were on the point of加动名词构成.
I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的.
I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切.
注：所有人称都用would,尤其在口语中.只有个别情况才用should.如：We knew we should win. 我知道我们会赢.
I told her that I was leaving soon. 我告诉她我们很快就要离开.
We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的.
When we arrived, the train was just going to start. 我们到达时,火车正要启动.
I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正在离开,电话铃响了.
I was on the point of going when you came in. 我正要出去你来了.
The talk was due to last for three days. 会谈将进行三天.
一、用法
表示将来发生的事.常与tomorrow, next year等时间状语连用.
二、构成
通常有以下七种方式表示将来,注意它们各自的区别.
■由will加动词原形构成,当主语是第一人称时,也可以用shall加动词原形.如：
Telephone me this evening. I’ll be at home. 今晚给我打电话,我会在家.
I’ll (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些.
注意：
1. will还可用来表示同意或“不能”.如：
Come and see me tomorrow. Yes,I will. 明天来找我.——好的.
一Don’t be late. 一No,I won’t. 别来晚了.——不会晚的.
The car won’t start. 车开不了啦.
Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起.
2. 表示临时的决定,只能用will加动词原形.如：
－You’ve left the light on. 你忘记关灯了.
－Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off. 啊!那我去关.
3. 在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中,陈述句中只能用will或情态动词加动词原形.如：
Work hard, and you will pass the exam. 努力学习,你就会通过考试.
4. 在条件句中表示将来不用will,而用一般现在时、be going to(打算) 或be to(为人所控制的动作) 等.若你见到在条件句中用了will,那will就是表示“愿意”的情态动词.如：
Let her do that if she will. 如果她愿意,就让她那样做.
■am/is/are going to加动词原形,表示主语的意图或打算将来做的事.如：
What are you going to do tomorrow? 你打算明天做什么呢?
The play is going to be produced next month. 这出戏下月开播.
注意：
已有迹象表明将要发生的事,只能用am/is/are加动词原形.如：Look at the dark clouds; it’s going to rain. 看那乌云,快要下雨了.
■be to加动词原形,仅用于表示正式的公务安排、公告指示、义务、禁止等.如：
You’re to deliver these flowers before 10. 你在10点钟之前把这些花送去.
You are to (=should) report to the police. 你应该报警的.
You’re not to (=mustn’t) tell him anything about our plans. 你不要把我们的计划透露给他.
注意：
1. 这与不定式作表语不同：My idea is to go there today. 我的意思是今天就去那里.
2. be to强调客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to则强调主观的打算或计划.
■be about to加动词原形,表示即将或马上要做某事.如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京.
注意：
be about to do不能与表示将来时间的状语连用.
■am/is/are on the point of加动词的-ing形式,表示“就要”做某事,也不能与表示将来的时间状语连用.如：
Look! They’re on the point of starting! 看!他们就要开始了!
■一般现在时表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开.
■现在进行时表示将来,主要用于go, come, leave, start等表示去向的短暂性动词.如：
I’m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了.
abbr. art. prep. aux. vi. vt. num.
pl.
int.----interjection：感叹词 n.-----noun：名词
pron.----pronoun：代词 v.----verb：动词
conj.-----conjunction：连词 adv.----adverb：副词
adj.------adjective：形容词 abbr------abbreviation：缩写
art.-----article：冠词 prep.-----preposition：介词
aux.-----auxiliary：助词 vi.------verb intransitive：不及物动词
vt.------verb transitive：及物动词 num.-------number：数词
pl-------plural：复数 sing------singular：单数
所有时态和形式 ：
■表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”.如：
She said she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生.
注意：过去完成时是一种相对时态,一定要有一个作参照的过去时间或过去动作作比较,否则,就不能用过去完成时.但下列3种情况虽然有是先后发生的两个过去动词,却同用一般过去时：
1. 先后发生的一系列动作,但并不强调先后时,最后两个动词用then,and,but 等连接.如：
On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期下午,格林夫人去了市场,买了些香蕉,然后去看望了她的表姐.
2. 两个动作是紧接着发生的,可用一般过去时.如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited. 我听到那个消息时,非常高兴.
3. 叙述历史事实,可用一般过去时.如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 我们老师告诉我们哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲.
■表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态.跟现在完成时一样,也常与how long, for three days, before等表示一段时间的状语连用.如：
When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 当杰克到来时,他才了解到玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了.
■表示未曾实现的希望或打算.表示希望或打算的动词,如hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等的过去完成时,后接不定式to do时,表示未曾实现的希望或打算,即“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做) ”.如：
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so. 我本来希望寄给他一张圣诞卡的,但我忘了寄了.
I had intended to come over to see you last night,but someone called and I couldn’t get away. 昨晚我本想去看你的,但有人来了我走不开.
■用于下列4个特殊句型中：
1. hardly…when…, no sooner…than…
2. It/ That /This was the first time that…
3. It was+时间段+since…(from www.yygrammar.com)
4. …than sb. had thought /expected /hoped /wanted等.
Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我刚开开门,他就告诉了我.
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了.
It was the second time he had been out with her. 这是他第二次和她一道出去.
It was more than a year now since he had seen her. 他上次见她以来已经一年多了.
We arrived earlier than we had expected. 我们到得比预料的早.
■表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作,其结果的影响现在依然存在.有时与just, already, yet, recently, before, twice, three times等时间状语连用,如：
I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了.(现在我知道电影的内容了.)
Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? )
注意：
1. 现在完成时不与yesterday, last week, two days ago, in1983, just now, when等表示具体的过去时间的状语连用.
2. 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等；而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响,因此,若现在影响并不存在时就不能用现在完成时了.如说I have closed the door. 那门现在也是关着的,若被风吹开了,就只能说I closed the door. 了.
■表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态.常与“since+时间点”,“for+时间段”,及how long, (ever) since, ever, before, so far, in the last /past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用.如：
She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了.
We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树.
So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息.
They’ve lived here since 1989. 从1989年起他们就在这里住了.
I saw Julia in April and I haven’t seen her since. 我四月见到朱莉娅,从那之后就没见到她了.
注意：非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时,在肯定句中不能与for或since等引导的时间段连用.但其在否定式是可与这类时间状语连用的.如：I haven’t met him for two years. 我两年没有遇见他了.
■用于This/That/It is the first(second…) time that…句型中.如：
It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city. 这是我第三次参观这个美丽的城市了.
■用于This/That/It is +the+形容词最高级+名词+that…句型中.如：
That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 这是我看过的最有意思的书.
由would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to等加动词原形构成, 也可由was/were on the point of加动名词构成.
I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的.
I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切.
注：所有人称都用would,尤其在口语中.只有个别情况才用should.如：We knew we should win. 我知道我们会赢.
I told her that I was leaving soon. 我告诉她我们很快就要离开.
We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的.
When we arrived, the train was just going to start. 我们到达时,火车正要启动.
I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正在离开,电话铃响了.
I was on the point of going when you came in. 我正要出去你来了.
The talk was due to last for three days. 会谈将进行三天.
一、用法
表示将来发生的事.常与tomorrow, next year等时间状语连用.
二、构成
通常有以下七种方式表示将来,注意它们各自的区别.
■由will加动词原形构成,当主语是第一人称时,也可以用shall加动词原形.如：
Telephone me this evening. I’ll be at home. 今晚给我打电话,我会在家.
I’ll (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些.
注意：
1. will还可用来表示同意或“不能”.如：
Come and see me tomorrow. Yes,I will. 明天来找我.——好的.
一Don’t be late. 一No,I won’t. 别来晚了.——不会晚的.
The car won’t start. 车开不了啦.
Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起.
2. 表示临时的决定,只能用will加动词原形.如：
－You’ve left the light on. 你忘记关灯了.
－Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off. 啊!那我去关.
3. 在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中,陈述句中只能用will或情态动词加动词原形.如：
Work hard, and you will pass the exam. 努力学习,你就会通过考试.
4. 在条件句中表示将来不用will,而用一般现在时、be going to(打算) 或be to(为人所控制的动作) 等.若你见到在条件句中用了will,那will就是表示“愿意”的情态动词.如：
Let her do that if she will. 如果她愿意,就让她那样做.
■am/is/are going to加动词原形,表示主语的意图或打算将来做的事.如：
What are you going to do tomorrow? 你打算明天做什么呢?
The play is going to be produced next month. 这出戏下月开播.
注意：
已有迹象表明将要发生的事,只能用am/is/are加动词原形.如：Look at the dark clouds; it’s going to rain. 看那乌云,快要下雨了.
■be to加动词原形,仅用于表示正式的公务安排、公告指示、义务、禁止等.如：
You’re to deliver these flowers before 10. 你在10点钟之前把这些花送去.
You are to (=should) report to the police. 你应该报警的.
You’re not to (=mustn’t) tell him anything about our plans. 你不要把我们的计划透露给他.
注意：
1. 这与不定式作表语不同：My idea is to go there today. 我的意思是今天就去那里.
2. be to强调客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to则强调主观的打算或计划.
■be about to加动词原形,表示即将或马上要做某事.如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京.
注意：
be about to do不能与表示将来时间的状语连用.
■am/is/are on the point of加动词的-ing形式,表示“就要”做某事,也不能与表示将来的时间状语连用.如：
Look! They’re on the point of starting! 看!他们就要开始了!
■一般现在时表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开.
■现在进行时表示将来,主要用于go, come, leave, start等表示去向的短暂性动词.如：
I’m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了.
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