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英语翻译
1.Form and function
Jewellery has been used for a number of reasons:
Currency,wealth display and storage,
Functional use (such as clasps,pins,and buckles)
Symbolism (to show membership or status)
Protection (in the form of amulets and magical wards)
Artistic display
Most cultures have at some point had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery.Numerous cultures move wedding dowries in the form of jewellery,or create jewellery as a means to store or display coins.Alternatively,jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good; an example being the use of slave beads.
Many items of jewellery,such as brooches and buckles originated as purely functional items,but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished.[4]
Jewellery can also be symbolic of group membership,as in the case of the Christian crucifix or Jewish Star of David,or of status,as in the case of chains of office,or the Western practice of married people wearing a wedding ring.
Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures; these may take the form of symbols (such as the ankh),stones,plants,animals,body parts (such as the Khamsa),or glyphs (such as stylized versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art).[5]
Although artistic display has clearly been a function of jewellery from the very beginning,the other roles described above tended to take primacy.[citation needed] It was only in the late 19th century,with the work of such masters as Peter Carl Fabergé and René Lalique,that art began to take primacy over function and wealth.[citation needed] This trend has continued into modern times,expanded upon by artists such as Robert Lee Morris and Ed Levin.
In creating jewellery,gemstones,coins,or other precious items are often used,and they are typically set into precious metals.Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery -- bronze,for example,was common in Roman times.Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold,white gold,platinum,palladium,or silver.Most American and European gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold,the purity of which is stated in karats,indicated by a number followed by the letter K.American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold),(though in England the number is 9K (37.5% pure gold) and is typically found up to 18K (75% pure gold).Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold),and 24 K (99.9% pure gold) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe.
1.Form and function
Jewellery has been used for a number of reasons:
Currency,wealth display and storage,
Functional use (such as clasps,pins,and buckles)
Symbolism (to show membership or status)
Protection (in the form of amulets and magical wards)
Artistic display
Most cultures have at some point had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery.Numerous cultures move wedding dowries in the form of jewellery,or create jewellery as a means to store or display coins.Alternatively,jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good; an example being the use of slave beads.
Many items of jewellery,such as brooches and buckles originated as purely functional items,but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished.[4]
Jewellery can also be symbolic of group membership,as in the case of the Christian crucifix or Jewish Star of David,or of status,as in the case of chains of office,or the Western practice of married people wearing a wedding ring.
Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures; these may take the form of symbols (such as the ankh),stones,plants,animals,body parts (such as the Khamsa),or glyphs (such as stylized versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art).[5]
Although artistic display has clearly been a function of jewellery from the very beginning,the other roles described above tended to take primacy.[citation needed] It was only in the late 19th century,with the work of such masters as Peter Carl Fabergé and René Lalique,that art began to take primacy over function and wealth.[citation needed] This trend has continued into modern times,expanded upon by artists such as Robert Lee Morris and Ed Levin.
In creating jewellery,gemstones,coins,or other precious items are often used,and they are typically set into precious metals.Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery -- bronze,for example,was common in Roman times.Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold,white gold,platinum,palladium,or silver.Most American and European gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold,the purity of which is stated in karats,indicated by a number followed by the letter K.American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold),(though in England the number is 9K (37.5% pure gold) and is typically found up to 18K (75% pure gold).Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold),and 24 K (99.9% pure gold) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe.
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