问题描述：
英语翻译
Let me now apply the foregoing analytical framework to the problems of modern
economies.A little history is an essential prerequisite.A fundamental revolution occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century which I have termed the second economic revolution.This revolution was a consequence of a change in the stock of knowledge arising from the development and implementation of scientific disciplines.It resulted in the systematic wedding of science and technology and a basic transformation in the organization and structure of production and distribution (see Chandler,1977).The overall implications for economies that could take advantage of this technology were increasing returns and consequent high rates of economic growth-characteristics of the western economies for the past century and a half.But taking advantage of this technology entailed a wholesale reorganization of economies to realize that potential.In those western economies that have,at least partially,realized this potential the result has been stresses and strains that have threatened and do threaten their continued adaptive efficiency.For the rest of the world the inability to reorganize has prevented them from realizing this productive potential and produced "underdevelopment" and political instability.It is an extraordinary irony that Karl Marx,who first pointed out the necessity of restructuring societies in order to realize the potential of a new technology,should have been responsible for the creation of economies that have foundered on this precise issue.Let me first examine the micro level characteristics of the organizational requirements before turning to the macro level societal implications.Realizing the gains from a world of specialization requires occupational and territorial specialization on an unprecedented scale and in consequence the number of exchanges grows exponentially.In order to realize the gains from the productive potential associated with a technology of increasing returns one has to invest enormous resources in transacting.In the United States,for example,the labor force grew from 29 million to 80 million between 1900 and 1970; during that period production workers grew from 10 million to 29 million,while white collar workers (the great majority of whom are engaged in transacting) increased from 5 million to 38 million.The transaction sector (that part of transaction costs that goes through the market and therefore can be measured) in the United States in 1970 made up 45 percent of GNP (Wallis and North,1986).
我需要的是比较准确的翻译
Let me now apply the foregoing analytical framework to the problems of modern
economies.A little history is an essential prerequisite.A fundamental revolution occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century which I have termed the second economic revolution.This revolution was a consequence of a change in the stock of knowledge arising from the development and implementation of scientific disciplines.It resulted in the systematic wedding of science and technology and a basic transformation in the organization and structure of production and distribution (see Chandler,1977).The overall implications for economies that could take advantage of this technology were increasing returns and consequent high rates of economic growth-characteristics of the western economies for the past century and a half.But taking advantage of this technology entailed a wholesale reorganization of economies to realize that potential.In those western economies that have,at least partially,realized this potential the result has been stresses and strains that have threatened and do threaten their continued adaptive efficiency.For the rest of the world the inability to reorganize has prevented them from realizing this productive potential and produced "underdevelopment" and political instability.It is an extraordinary irony that Karl Marx,who first pointed out the necessity of restructuring societies in order to realize the potential of a new technology,should have been responsible for the creation of economies that have foundered on this precise issue.Let me first examine the micro level characteristics of the organizational requirements before turning to the macro level societal implications.Realizing the gains from a world of specialization requires occupational and territorial specialization on an unprecedented scale and in consequence the number of exchanges grows exponentially.In order to realize the gains from the productive potential associated with a technology of increasing returns one has to invest enormous resources in transacting.In the United States,for example,the labor force grew from 29 million to 80 million between 1900 and 1970; during that period production workers grew from 10 million to 29 million,while white collar workers (the great majority of whom are engaged in transacting) increased from 5 million to 38 million.The transaction sector (that part of transaction costs that goes through the market and therefore can be measured) in the United States in 1970 made up 45 percent of GNP (Wallis and North,1986).
我需要的是比较准确的翻译
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