问题描述：
__in thought ,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A losing B having lost C lost D to lost
哪个对呢?losing 和having lost有什么区别呢?
A losing B having lost C lost D to lost
哪个对呢?losing 和having lost有什么区别呢?
问题解答：
我来补答
动词的-ed形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去.例如：
1．_____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET 1996)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
选C.此题考查过去分词作原因状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
具体的关于独立主格结构的给你总结如下：
何谓独立主格结构?
它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成的结构.它不修饰单个的词,而修饰整个句子.独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位.它构成一个单独实体,在句中作状语,并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节.
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语.但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构.其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构.
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系.
A． 不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系.这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达.
例如：
I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year. (2005湖南)
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
选C.此题考查“名词+不定式”构成独立主格结构,在句中作状语,表示动作未完成,其中the rest 与follow存在着逻辑上的主谓关系.此句可以改为：I send you 100 dollars today,and the rest is to follow in a year.
B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
1． 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课.（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每个人坐好后,主席开始开会.（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）
2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞.（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张.（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）
注意：含有being的独立主格结构.
It being National Day today,the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤.
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了.
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3． 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊.（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜.（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）
4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡.（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空.（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
注意：-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去.例如：
1． _____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004北京)
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
选C.此题考查动词的-ing形式作时间状语,因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致,所以逻辑主语Tom省去了.此题可以改为：After Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
2. _____the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.(2004广东) A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
选C.此题考查动词的-ing形式作原因状语,因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致,所以逻辑主语they省去了,根据动作的先后关系,因为先没有完成,所以不得不再呆2周,故用完成时态.此题可以改为：Because they have not completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构.
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. （独立主格结构在句中作原因状语） = As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. （独立主格结构在句中作方式状语）= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板.
The task completed,he had two months' leave. （独立主格结构在句中作时间状语）
=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假.
注意：-ed形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ed形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去.例如：
1．_____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET 1996)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
选C.此题考查过去分词作原因状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
2. ______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (2000spring)
A. Given B. TO give C. Giving D. Having given
选A.此题考查过去分词作条件状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是him,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为：If he is given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
3． _______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player. (2003北京)
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given D
选D.此题也是考查过去分词作条件状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为：If he is given time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _____ (2004 上海春季)
A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted
选B.此题也是考查过去分词作结果状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Richard Jones,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为两个并列句：After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,and he was exhausted .
5.______ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ( 2006全国（1、2）)
A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
选B. 此题也是考查过去分词作状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Tony,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为两个并列句：Tony was surprised and happy, and he stood up and accepted the prize.
比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行.
The manager looks worried,many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理.（事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松.（事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视.（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了,小孩去睡了.（两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的）
二、 动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式.在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”.
A．逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩.（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）
注意：
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下.
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家.
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日,所有办公室都关门.
B．逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我.（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. ``````
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
他站在那里,嘴张得大大的.（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）
= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
C．逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home.
放学了,我们都回家了.（school和over之间省去了being）
= School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在课桌旁,没穿鞋子.（his shoes和off之间省去了being）
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
D．逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前,背对着我们.
= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
新老师面带微笑走了进来.
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom,a rule in his hand.
老师走进教室,手里拿着一把直尺.
1．_____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET 1996)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
选C.此题考查过去分词作原因状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
具体的关于独立主格结构的给你总结如下：
何谓独立主格结构?
它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成的结构.它不修饰单个的词,而修饰整个句子.独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位.它构成一个单独实体,在句中作状语,并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节.
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语.但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构.其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构.
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系.
A． 不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系.这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达.
例如：
I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year. (2005湖南)
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
选C.此题考查“名词+不定式”构成独立主格结构,在句中作状语,表示动作未完成,其中the rest 与follow存在着逻辑上的主谓关系.此句可以改为：I send you 100 dollars today,and the rest is to follow in a year.
B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
1． 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课.（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每个人坐好后,主席开始开会.（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）
2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞.（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张.（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）
注意：含有being的独立主格结构.
It being National Day today,the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤.
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了.
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3． 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊.（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜.（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）
4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡.（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空.（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
注意：-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去.例如：
1． _____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004北京)
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
选C.此题考查动词的-ing形式作时间状语,因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致,所以逻辑主语Tom省去了.此题可以改为：After Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
2. _____the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.(2004广东) A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
选C.此题考查动词的-ing形式作原因状语,因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致,所以逻辑主语they省去了,根据动作的先后关系,因为先没有完成,所以不得不再呆2周,故用完成时态.此题可以改为：Because they have not completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构.
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. （独立主格结构在句中作原因状语） = As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. （独立主格结构在句中作方式状语）= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板.
The task completed,he had two months' leave. （独立主格结构在句中作时间状语）
=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假.
注意：-ed形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ed形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去.例如：
1．_____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET 1996)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
选C.此题考查过去分词作原因状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
2. ______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (2000spring)
A. Given B. TO give C. Giving D. Having given
选A.此题考查过去分词作条件状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是him,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为：If he is given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
3． _______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player. (2003北京)
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given D
选D.此题也是考查过去分词作条件状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为：If he is given time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _____ (2004 上海春季)
A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted
选B.此题也是考查过去分词作结果状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Richard Jones,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为两个并列句：After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,and he was exhausted .
5.______ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ( 2006全国（1、2）)
A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
选B. 此题也是考查过去分词作状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Tony,逻辑主语省去了.此题可以改为两个并列句：Tony was surprised and happy, and he stood up and accepted the prize.
比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行.
The manager looks worried,many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理.（事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松.（事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视.（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了,小孩去睡了.（两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的）
二、 动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式.在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”.
A．逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩.（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）
注意：
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下.
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家.
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日,所有办公室都关门.
B．逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我.（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. ``````
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
他站在那里,嘴张得大大的.（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）
= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
C．逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home.
放学了,我们都回家了.（school和over之间省去了being）
= School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在课桌旁,没穿鞋子.（his shoes和off之间省去了being）
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
D．逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前,背对着我们.
= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
新老师面带微笑走了进来.
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom,a rule in his hand.
老师走进教室,手里拿着一把直尺.
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