类似怎么判断是定语从句还是表语或状语这些.从句前面的what.why.while…… 或者是prep.+while中介词

一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分 1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分,如： My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质.这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词.值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分. 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式.如果是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替.do可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替. 3. 句子作先行成分. 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句.有时是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事. 二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同,“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况： 1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后. 2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后.但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首. 3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后.但如果先行成分是直接引语,“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前.如果先行成分是否定句,“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义.由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点,所以有时它的位置不能随便移动.在非正式的文体里,“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中. 三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能 一般说来,as与which的语义功能相同,可以相互替换.但先行成分为句子时,它们的语义功能则有差异. 1. 表示结果 表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系,从句中往往使用有结果意义的词,如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等. 2. 表示评注 表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向,它通常与那些表示客观事实,普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语,如natural, known to all, usual等. 3. 有无状语意义 “as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义）,而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义.“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致,“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制. 四、关系代词as与which的句法功能 1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语. as作主语时,谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem）,主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时,系动词be习惯经常省略.行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略）,不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少,常见的有happen一词.如： Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. Which作主语时,谓语动词不限,主语被动皆可,只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略. 2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语. 3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语.如： We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be. “as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装. 如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用which而不用as.如： He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was. 4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语. which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语,修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词.这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义,有时将其略去句义仍然完整.as不能作定语.如： I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed. [编辑本段]（十）关系代词that 的用法 (1)不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时. (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用. We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 (a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which. (b) 在不定代词,如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which. (c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时,只用that. (d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that,不能用which.. (e) 先行词既有人,又有物时. (f) 先行词指物,在主句中作表语时． (g) 为了避免重复． (h)先行词是the way时 举例： Is this the book that you borrowed in the library? 这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗? Who that break the window should be punished． 谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚． All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察. [编辑本段]（十一）定语从句的难点分析 （一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much,each等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little (that) I can do for you. 注意1：部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住. 注意2：当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 2、当先行词被序数词修饰 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have seen. 4、当形容词被the very, the only,the same,the last 修饰时 (1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting? 5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6、当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语 The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago. （二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处.具体情况是： 1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子. (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/which we can see. 2、as 引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后.另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which. (5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 3、当先行词受such, the same修饰时,常用as (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：当先行词由the same修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子. (5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子. 注意：定语从句such…as …与结果状语从句such… that…的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语,宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分 (6)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy. (7)He has such a good laptop that I want to by one. (三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导,而且通常可以省略. The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. (四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t ) (五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句 1、定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系； 同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句 2、定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略； 同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分； 句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导,充当成分 (1) The news he told me is true. (2) The news that he has just died is true. (3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语 (4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. 3、 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以发展成一个完整的句子, (1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语 (2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. (3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. (4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. ［定语从句］介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略. 2）that前不能有介词. 3）某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换.例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?,
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