什么是主语、表语、宾语从句?

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什么是主语、表语、宾语从句?
1个回答 分类:英语 2014-10-04

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虽说从句自身的句子结构是完整的, 但是它不能视为独立的句子,因为它离开了主语就无法独立、完整地表达意思.按其所能表达的意义而言,它相当于一个词或是一个词组.例如: 1) Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at movies as well . (状语从句)许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话,所以他们认为在电影院也可以如此. 2) Whether he comes or not doesn't make any difference to me . (主语从句) 他来与不来对我都一样. 3)There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured(宾语从句)什么是货币以及怎样计量货币经济学家之间存有分歧. 4) China is not what it used to be . (表语从句) 中国不是它过去的样子了. 5) Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals ? (同位语从句)有没有什么证据说明植物性食品不同于动物性食品? 6) Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government . (定语从句) 税款是人们支持政府而交的钱. 如果将上面的复合句中所有的从句都独立出来,那将是这样的: 1) Because they talk at home while the television is on 2) Whether he comes or not 3) what money is and how money is measured 4) what it used to be 5) that the food of plant differs from that of animals 6) that people pay to support their government 我们很容易看出,上面的所有这些句子既不是陈述句、疑问句,也不是祁使句,更不是感叹句.也就是说,它们不是独立的句子;也只有在附属于主句后才能获得意义如下:1)因为许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话 2)他来与不来 3)什么是货币以及怎样计量货币 4)它过去的样子5)植物性食品不同于动物性食品6)人们支持政府而交的上面的这些句子在我们中文里如同是人们常说的"半截话";在英文中也就是个"词或词组"了. B. 我们虽然说过,从句自身的句子结构基本是完整的,但是它不同于"独立句子"的是--每个从句的最前面都好象"戴了顶帽子"即:从属关系词.由此可以看出,从句的另一个特点是:从属关系词总是立于从句之首. C. 从句的再一个特点是:一般说来(除少数倒装的情况外),从句中的语序应该是正常语序. D. 关于从句种类的划分有两种方法:按从句的词性划分和按从句的句子功能划分.如果按从句的词性划分,从句可分为三种:名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句.如果按从句的句子功能划分(也就是按从句在句子中所担任的成分来划分),从句可分为:主语从句、宾语从句、 表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句.其实,这两种划分从句的方法在逻辑上是一致的.我们知道,能在句子里充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语的往往是名词、代词等,所以名词从句涵盖了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句.形容词和副词常分别在句中担当定语和状语,所以,形容词从句和副词从句其实分别是定语从句和状语从句. 名词从句 名词从句在句中是一个相当于名词的主谓结构.我们在前面说过,名词从句含盖了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句.连接这些从句与主句的关系词主要有三类: 1.从属连词:that(无有词义) , whether(是否) ,if (是否) 2.关系代词:who(谁,主格) , whom(谁,宾格),whose谁的,所有格) , what(什么),which(哪个,哪些) 3.关系副词:when(什么时候) where(什么地方)why(为什么) , how(怎样) 名词从句中的从属连词在从句里不担任任何成分,只起连接的作用;而关系代词和关系副词不仅仅是起连接的作用,而且还在从句里担任一定的成分;关系代词常在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语等成分;关系副词常在从句中担任状语.另外,在使用上面的这些关系词时,有几个问题值得我们注意:首先,只能用whether而不能用if的情况. 1)引导主语从句,例如: Whether we'll make a loan for the project has not been decided .(正确)我们是否要为这个项目还没有定下来. OR: It has not been decided whether we'll make a loan for the project . (正确) If we'll make a loan for the project has not been decided .(错误) OR: It has not been decided if we'll make a loan for the project . (错误) 2)作介词的宾语,例如: I have no idea about whether I can raise the money for buying a car . (正确) 我不知道我是否能为买车筹措到资金. I have no idea about if I can raise the money for buying a car . (错误) 3)后接不定式 ,例如: He didn't know whether to go all himself first or wait for her here.(正确)他不知道是他自己先去还是在这儿等她. He didn't know if to go all himself or wait for her here . (错误) 4)后接or not ,例如: We wonder whether they'll come in time or not.(正确) 我们担心他们会不会准时到. We wonder if they'll come in time or not . (错误) 其次,what引导的名词从句表达的意思是"……所……的".这个"所怎么的"定义根据"从句谓语的动作意义"而定.例如: I don't understand what you said.我不理解你所说的话. What he needs is to practice more.他所需要的是勤于练习. Money is what she is really after.金钱是她所真正追求的东西. People have different ideas about what happiness means . 人们对于幸福的含义有不同见解. 最后,要了解 -ever = no matter ,用于表示强调,意为"无论……".也就是说: whatever = no matter what(无论什么) whoever = no matter who(无论谁) whichever = no matter which(无论那个) whenever =no matter when (无论何时) wherever = no matter where(无论何地) however = no matter how (无论怎样) A 主语从句 用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句.例如: Whether he'll come or not remains a question . 他是否会来依然是一个问题. Whoever says that is not allowed .无论谁这样说都是不允许的. That she reads English aloud every morning helps her a lot in the improvement of her English study . 她每天早晨朗读英文对提高她的英语学习起了很大的作用. 要点提示 在使用主语从句中,有几个问题值得我们注意: 1)尽管主从连词that在主语从句中没有任何意义,但一般不能省略. That there is no elevator in the building is the critical inconvenience .这幢楼里没有电梯是极大的不便之处. It is necessary (that) he have his further study incollege.(当主语从句在后面时,连词that可以省去)他在大学进一步深造是完全必要的. 2)为了保持句子平衡或在正式文体中,常用先行It代 替主语从句而将主语从句置于句末. It remains a question Whether he'll come or not . 他是否会来,依然是一个问题. It is not allowed Whoever says that. 无论谁这样说都是不允许的. 3)在It + be +形容词/ 名词 + that从句的结构中,由于某些形容词/ 名词的原因,that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式.这类形容词/ 名词常见的有: essential(绝对必要的), important(重要的), advisable(明智的), desirable(希望能够的), imperative(必须的), natural(自然的), necessary必要的), regretful(遗憾的), strange(奇怪的), proper(适当的), urgent(紧急的), duty(义务、责任), a pity (遗憾), no wonder(难怪), a regret(遗憾).例如: It is strange that he ( should ) say so . 他居然会这样说,真是奇怪. It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so . 他居然会这样想,真是一件憾事. It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees . 鸟在树上安歇是很自然的. It is a wonder that he should have passed the exam. 他这次考试居然会及格,真是个奇迹. 4)以what引导的主语从句常用于句首表示强调. What they need now is financial aid . 他们现在所需要的是经济援助. What she thinks of me doesn't mean much to me . 她怎么样看我,对我来说无所谓. What you have said hurt her a lot .你所说的话对她伤害很大. B 宾语从句 用作谓语动词、介词以及非谓语动词形式的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句.也就是说,只要是用一个主谓结构去充当宾语,那么这个主谓结构就称为宾语从句. 例如: I believe that he will find a job in that publisher .(作谓语动词的宾语)我相信,他一定会在那家出版社找到工作. He laughed at what they said . (作介词的宾语)她对他们说的话,一笑置之. 要点提示 在使用宾语从句中,有几个问题值得我们注意: 1)宾语从句与主句的时态一致性问题这种一致性的要求,只有当主句的谓语动词用于"过去时区"的时候才存在.凡是在"过去时区"内的各种不同时态都在其中.另外,这种一致性只要求宾语从句的谓语动词也用于"过去时区"即可,至于用什么样具体的时态就要依从句的需要而定了. He had told me that he would join the club sometime . 他曾经告诉我说,他会在某个时候参加俱乐部的. I remembered that I had met him somewhere . 我记得我曾在哪儿见过他. She thought that she would have finished what she was doing by the end of the month . 她认为在那个月底她将完成她手头上做的事. 2)if引导的宾语从句不能作介词的宾语,而只有用whether引导才行.这一点在上面刚刚讲过.(略) 3)某些动词后面,宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式. 这一点已在"虚拟语气"一章中讨论过了,本章只作简单的复习.这类要求宾语从句的谓语用虚拟式的动词,常见的有:command(命令), demand(要求), desire(希望), insist(坚持), order(命令), propose(提议), recommend(推荐), request(要求), require(要求), suggest(建议),等.例如: He proposed that we ( should ) set a dead line for the complement of the plan . 他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限. C 表语从句 在句子中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句.它常位于句中联系动词或是起联系动词作用的动词之后.例如: The problem is where we can hold our meeting . 问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议. It seems that everything goes smoothly .似乎一切都进行得很顺利. The cause is that the temperature of water is lower that needed . 其原因是水的温度低于所需要的温度. That is what he really wants .那就是他真想要的东西. D 同位语从句 同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构.在使用同位语从句时要特别注意:尽管主从连词that在同位语从句中没有任何意义,但却不能省略.
 
 
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