谁有初三上册的英语语法 特别详细的?

名词的数
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词.
不可数名词的量有两种表示方法：
1） 用some, much, a little, a lot of, a bit of, plenty of 等表示多少.
注意：既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of , some, a lot of, lots of , most of等.
2） 用单位词表示.
用a…of表示.
如 a cup of(一杯…), a bottle of(一瓶…)
a piece of(一张...), a pair of(一双...)
a piece of information
a piece of work
a piece of paper
a piece of meat
a piece of news
a cup of water
a bowl of rice
a bag of rice
a glass of beer
a…of后接抽象名词和物质名词(不可数名词)外, 还可接可数名词复数形式.
如 a pair of shoes a bag of nuts a pair of glasses a basket of apples
注意: 单位词后的动词复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式; 千,百等数词与名词连用, 表示复数时, 数词仍保持单数, 名词变复数.
可数名词分为单数和复数.
1. 可数名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an.
注意：a用于辅音开头的单数名词前；an用于元音开头的单数名词前.
3. 复数
A． 规则变化
1） 一般情况下加-s.
如 book-books desk-desks month-months pen-pens boy-boys girl-girls
2）以s, x, ch, sh结尾加es.
如 box-boxes bus-buses watch-watches brush-brushes class-classes
3）以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加es
如 city-cities country-countries
注意：以元音字母+y结尾,直接加-s
如day-days boy-boys
4) 以f或fe结尾,复数变f或fe为v再加-es.
如 knife-knives half-halves shelf-shelves leaf-leaves wife-wives life-lives
注意：a. 有少数词后直接加-s, 如roof-roofs.
b. 个别两种都可以, 如:handkerchief-handkerchiefs handkerchieves
5)以o结尾.
a．有的加-es.
如 tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes
b．有的加-s
如 piano-pianos zoo-zoos photo-photos kangaroo-kangaroos kilo-kilos
B． 不规则变化
1） 元音字母发生变化
如man-men woman-women tooth-teeth foot-feet mouse-mice policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen
2） 词尾发生变化
如 child-children ox-oxen
3） 单复数形式相同
如 fish-fish sheep-sheep deer-deer Chinese-Chinese yuan-yuan jin-jin
Japanese-Japanese
注意：不说an English,要说an Englishman.
4） 形似单数,实为复数意义.
如 people,these people 不说a people 可说a person
police,ten police 不说 a police,可说a policeman
5） 由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数时将名词及man,woman都变成复数.
如 a man driver- a women driver a woman doctor- a women doctor
6）合成名词变复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数.
如 passer-by---passers-by bus driver-bus drivers
注意；如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加-s.
如 grown-up---grown-ups letter-box---lettere-boxes
注意：hair和friut通常作单数,表示总体.若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式.
如 Would you like some more fruit?你要不要再吃点水果?
We bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果.
China has some good fruits. 中国有一些好的水果.

She has a few white hairs. 她有好几根白头发.
His black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色.
注意：wind, snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风,雪,或雨.
以boy,girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数.
如boy student- boy students girlfriend-girlfriends
7）有些名词只用作复数
如scissors,trousers,shorts,jeans,compasses,scales,sunglasses,surroundings, savings,writings,thanks,congratulations,clothes,riches,stairs,greens,brains,goods
注意：形似复数,实际作为单数用的名词有maths,physics,politics,news,the United States等.
8）名词+man（woman）构成的复合名词,其复数形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man （woman）改成men（women）.
如 Englishman-Englishmen Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen
注意：German不是复合词,它的复数是Germans.
一.代词的种类： 人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词,疑问代词,连接代词,关系代词和相互代词.
二.代词的用法
1.人称代词
1）表示你,我,他,她,它,我们,你们,他们的词叫人称代词.
主格
宾格
形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
I me my mine myself
第一人称单复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称
单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称
单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
人称代词it的特殊用法：一般it指“它”,但在表示天气、时间、距离等时,用it来代替,此时的it并不译为“它”.
当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时,其先后顺序为you,he,I.而复数一般采用we,you,they顺序.
2．物主代词

词义 单数 复数
类别 我的 你的 他（她,它）的 我们的 你们的 他们的
形容词性 my your his, her, its our your their
名词性 mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs
物主代词的用法：
形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词, 只作定语,不作表语.
名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语.
3．反身代词
1) 反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves．
2)反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身.
如：I enjoyed myself at the party．另一种是作名词或代词的同位语；用来加强语气.如：I can do it myself．
3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有：enjoy oneself,help oneself to,learn by oneself,teach oneself,(all)by oneself,leave...by oneself,lose oneself in等,在运用反身代词时,应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致.试比较：
“Help yourselves to some fish,Tom and Mike．”与I can’t leave the girl by herself．
4. 指示代词
指示代词的常用用法：1）this/ these 通常指空间上和时间上较近的人或物,而that/ those 则指较远的人或物.
指示代词的特殊用法：
(1)为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以.
(2)this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分.
5. 不定代词
主要不定代词的用法：
(1)one的用法
A. one作为代词可以指人,也可以指物.
B. one,ones (one的复数形式) 可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复.
C. one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词来修饰.
D. 常有a+形容词+one这一形式.
it和one的用法区别：it用来指特定的东西,而one则用于替代不特定的东西.
(2)some和any的用法区别
A. some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用.some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中.
B. some,any与—thing,—body,—one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样.
C.在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some.
D. some在否定句中表示半否定,any表示全否定.
E．some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某个”而不是“一些”.
(3)other,another的用法
数
种类
单数
复数
泛指
another=an other
other (boys)
others
特指
the other
the other (boys)
the others
功能
作主语、宾语、定语
作定语
作主语、宾语
A. another＝another"另一个”,泛指众多者中的另一个,在原有基础上自然增加的另一个.一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词.有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”,如：
I want to have another two cakes．我想再吃两个蛋糕.
B．the other表示两个中的另一个,常与one连用.常见形式是“one．．．the other．．．”.
C. other+复数名词＝others
D. the other+复数名词＝the others
(4) a11、both的用法
both表示“两者都……”,而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都……”.
a11、both在句中放在be动词,情态动词及助动词之后,放在实义动词之前.
(5) each和every的用法
A. each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个.every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个.
B. 从含义和语法功能上看,each是“单个”的意思,侧重个体,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语.而every是“每一个”之意,侧重全体、整体、共性.在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词.而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词.
(6)either,neither,both的用法
either：指两者中的任意一个.作主语谓语用单数.
neither：指两者都不,全否定.作主语谓语用单数.
both：指两者都.作主语谓语用复数.
(7)many和much
many只能和复数可数名词连用.
much只能和不可数名词连用.
注意：
a lot of／lots of / plenty of＝much／many
a large／great number of＝many
a great／good deal of＝much
(8)few,a few,little,a little
few,little表示否定含义,“很少”“几乎没有”；a few,a little表示肯定含义,有一些”.few,a few用在可数名词前,little,a little用在不可数名词前.
含义 肯定 否定
用法
修饰可数名词 a few few
修饰不可数名词 a little little
（9）none, neither
none表示三者或三者以上全否定；而neither表示两者全否定意义.
（10）either, neither
a) either指两者中的任何一个,在句中作主语,宾语和定语.
b) neither指两者中没有一个,全否定,意为两者都不,在句中作主语,宾语和定语.
 作主语时,谓语用单数.
 一般与单数名词连用,谓语动词用单数.
 either…or 和neither…nor作并列连词时,可与复数名词连用,也可与单数名词连用,还可连接其他词.
 neither可用于下列句型,以免重复,表示否定意义,这时也可以用nor
She can’t speak Japanese. Neither can he.= He can’t speak Japanese, either..
(11) none, no one
none指人,物都可以,no one只指人
none可单独使用,也可与of连用,而no one 不与of 连用
none强调数量,no one不强调数
none作主语谓语动词用单,复数都可以,但常用复数形式,而no one只能
用单数谓语动词.
（12）none,no
none三者或三者以上“都不”
none 作主语时,多与of构成短语,谓语动词单,复数都可以,如果表语是名词时,名词用单数,谓语动词就用单数；名词用复数,谓语动词就可以用复数.
none of 也可不作主语.
no只作定语.
（13）either, any
 either表示“两者中任何一个”之意；any 表示“三者”或“三者”以上中的“每一个” “任何一个”之意.
（14）it, that, one
 it用来代替人和物,指可数名词单数或不可数名词.它代替的人或物就是被替代的名词本身,也就是上面提到的人或物本身.
 that用来替代特定的可数名词或不可数名词,避免重复,当后面有of 或in 短语时,前面替代词一般用that替代单数或不可数名词,用those替代可数名词复数.
 one是替代名词,指同类中的一个,不是特定的,相当于a(an)+名词.
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义.英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词,另一种是不定冠词,还有一种是零冠词.
1. 不定冠词的用法
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思.a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en].
1) 表示"一个",意为one；指某人或某物,意为a certain.
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物.
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语.
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
2. 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那（这）个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西.
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
Take the medicine. 把药吃了.
2）上文提到过的人或事：
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子.我去过那幢房子.
3）指世上独一物二的事物：
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物,如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living
生者.
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层.
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西.
6）与复数名词连用,指整个群体：
They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）
They are teachers of this school. （指部分教师）
7）表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前：
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂.
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴.
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人：
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
数词的定义：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词.其用法相当于名词或者形容词.
数词可以分为两种：
1. 基数词：表示数目多少的数词.比如：one, two, there, four…ninety…one hundred等等.
2. 序数词：表示先后顺序的数词.比如：first, second, third, forth…ninetieth…a hundredth等等.
例如：I have only one pencil. 我仅有一支铅笔.(one 是基数词,表示数量)
This is our first lesson of the new term. 这是我们新学期的第一节课.(first 是序数词,表示顺序)

There are two birds in the tree. 树上有两只鸟.(two是基数词,表示数量)
I am the second child in my family. 我是我们家里的第二个孩子.(second是序数词,表示顺序)

There are twenty new books on the desk.桌子上有20本新书.(twenty是基数词,表示数量)
Today is the twentieth day of May. 今天是五月份的第二十天./今天是五月二十日.即: Today is the 20th, May. (twentieth 是序数词,表示顺序)
第二部分：连词的用法 在明确的我们的目标之后,我们来具体看看这些连词的用法.
并列连词：
并列连词
作用 举例 and
连接单词 My brother and I study in the same school.
连接短语 Our knowledge may come from the books and from practice.
连接句子 We are singing and they are dancing.
But, or
I have a pen but no pencil.
Will you go there by bus or on foot?
Nothing but除了,只有 I did nothing but watch it.
Or表示否则 Hurry up or you will be late.
for 表示后面的句子是原因 He is good at math for he studies harder than others.
still 表示后句概念由前句转折而来 The weather is very cold, still we needn’t wear more clothes.
Not only…but also 不仅…而且.可并列主、谓、宾、表及句子.主语并列时,谓语要就近一致
Not only he but also I am a teacher.
As well as 以及,同样.并列单词、短语、句子.并列主语时,动词要随前面的主语变化
He works as well as he can
Either…or 既…又…,或…或…,并列主、谓、宾、表及状语 Either come in or go out.
Neither…nor 既不…也不, 并列主、谓、宾、表、状语,并列主语时,谓语就近一致
Neither you nor he speaks French.
Both…and 和,既…也,并列主、谓、宾及表语
I can play both football and basketball.
nor 也不,引导句子要倒装
He can not speak English, nor can I.
so 因此,所以,不合because连用
You like apples, so do I.
从属连词：
连词 作用 举例
after 表示“时间”,在…之后 After I finished the school, I became a worker in the factory.
Although/though 表示让步, “尽管” Although she is young, she knows a lot.
as 表示时间,“当…时”,方式“象…”,原因,“由于、因为”让步,“尽管、虽然” As it was late, we must go now.
As if/as though 表方式,“似乎、好像” He told is such a story as though he had been there before.
As long as/so long as 表条件,“只要” As long as I am free, I’ll go to help you.
As soon as 表时间,“一…就…” I will phone you as soon as I come back.
because 表原因,“因为” I have to stay in bed because I am ill.
before 表时间,“在…之前“ You should think more before you do it.
Even if/ even though 表让步,“即使” You should try again even if you failed.
Hardly…when 表时间,“（刚）一…就” Hardly I entered the gate when the bell rang.
if “假如”,引导条件状语从句 What should I do net if the rain doesn’t stop?
“是否”,引导宾语从句 I don’t know if he comes back or not.
In case 表目的,“以防,以免” You should be more careful in case there is a fire.
In order that 表目的,“为了,以便” We study hard in order that we can pass the exam.
No matter +疑问词 表让步,“无论,不管” No matter what you do, you should try your best.
No sooner…than 表时间,“刚一…就…” No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
Now that 表原因,“既然,因为,由于” Now that the crops are in, we can start to make preparations for winter sowing.
once 表时间,“一旦…” Once you know the rules, you’ll have choice to obey them.
since 表时间,“自从…以来” He has been in this company since he left school.
表原因,“既然,由于” Since the job is dangerous, let’s do it more carefully.
so far as/as far as 表条件,“就…而言,就…而论” As far as I know, it is easy for you to speak in English.
So that 表目的“以便” Speak loud so that everybody can hear clearly.
So…that 表结果“如此,以致” He got up so late that he missed the bus.
than 表示比较,“比” Things were worse than we thought.
that 无词义,引导名词性从句 It is dangerous that we walk on the thin ice.
引导定语从句和状语从句 She hurried that she might not be late for work.
unless 表条件,“除非,如果不” I will go to the zoo unless it rains.
Until/till 表时间,“直到…为止” I’ll wait till he comes back.
when 表时间,“当…时“ When they got there, the train has left.
whether “是否”引导名词性从句 Whether he can some to see us is unknown.
表让步,“不管/无论、是否” Whether she is ill or well, she is always happy.
while 表时间,“当…时” While he was in Beijing, he visited the Great Wall.
表让步,“尽管,既然” While I find the problems very difficult, I don’t think them insoluble.
whenever 表时间,“无论什么时候” Whenever you meet any trouble, tell me at once.