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1
Eileen Chang, or Zhang Ailing, (Sept. 30, 1920 - Sept. 8, 1995) is a famous Chinese writer. She also used the pseudonym Liang Jing. Chang first made her literary name known in the 1940s "island"Shanghai, when it was occupied by invading Japanese forces. Her work is known for its unique feminine elegance and classic beauty. Her amazing grasp of people's psychology and her particular attitude towards life were seldom seen at the time. Her works frequently deal with the tensions in love between men and women.
Life
Born in Shanghai to a renowned family, Eileen Chang's paternal grandfather Zhang Peilun was son-in-law to Li Hongzhang, an influential Qing court official. Chang was named Zhang Ying at birth. Her family moved toTianjin in1922, where she started school at the age of four.
When Chang was five, her birth mother left for Britain after her father took a concubine and became an opium addict. Although she returned four years later, following her father's promise to quit the drug and split with the concubine, a divorce could not be averted. Chang's unhappy childhood in a broken family probably gave her later works their pessimistic overtone.
The family moved back to Shanghai in 1928. Two years later, Chang was renamed Eileen (her Chinese first name, Ailing, was actually a transliteration of Eileen) in preparation for her entry into the Saint Maria Girls' School.
During hersecondary education, Chang was already deemed a literary genius, and her writings were published in the school magazine. In 1939, she was accepted into the University ofHong Kongto study literature. She also received a scholarship to study in the University of London, though the opportunity had to be given up when Hong Kong fell to the Japanese in 1941.
Chang then returned to Shanghai. She fed herself with what she did best -- writing. It was during this period when some of her most acclaimed works, includingQing Cheng Zhi LianandJin Suo Ji, were penned.
Chang met her first husband Hu Lancheng in 1943 and married in the following year. She loved him dearly, despite the fact that he was already married as well as having been labeled a traitor to the Japanese. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Hu escaped to Wenzhou, where he fell in love with yet another woman. When Chang traced him to his refuge, she realized she could not salvage their marriage. They finally divorced in 1947.
In 1952, Chang migrated to Hong Kong, where she worked as a translator for the American News Agency for three years. She then left for the United States in the fall of 1955, never to return to the mainland again.
In New York, Chang met her second husband, the American scriptwriter Ferdinand Reyer, whom she married in August 1956. Reyer was paralyzed after he suffered from strokes in 1961, while Chang was on a trip toTaiwan, and he eventually died in 1967. After Lai's death, Chang held short-term jobs at Radcliffe College and UC Berkeley.
Chang relocated to Los Angeles in 1973. Two years later, she completed an English translation ofThe Biography of Hai Shang Hua(Hai Shang Hua Lie Zhuan), a celebrated Qing novel written in the Wu dialect.
Chang was discovered dead in her apartment on Sept. 8, 1995. According to a will, she was to be cremated without a funeral. Her ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean.
Chang's main works:
Tao Hua Yun(The Wayward Husband)
Liu Yue Xin Niang (The June Bride)
Xiao Er Nu (Father takes a Bride)
Yi Qu Nan Wang
Qing Cheng Zhi Lian(Love in a Fallen City)
Yuan Nu
Hong Meigui Yu Bai Meigui(The Red Rose and the White Rose)
Ban Sheng Yuan(Yuan of Half a Life, also known asEighteen Springs)
Jin Suo Ji(Record of a Golden Lock)
2
Eileen Chang (traditional Chinese: 张爱玲; simplified Chinese: 张爱玲; pinyin: Zhāng Ailíng) (born Zhang Ying (张瑛); September 30, 1920–September 8, 1995) was a Chinese writer. She also used the pseudonym Liang Jing (梁京), though very rarely.
Her works frequently deal with the tensions between men and women in love, and are considered by some scholars to be among the best Chinese literature of the period. Chang's portrayal of life in 1940s Shanghai and occupied Hong Kong is remarkable in its focus on everyday life and the absence of the political subtext which characterised many other writers of the period. Yuan Qiongqiong was an author in Taiwan that styled her literature exposing feminism after Eileen Chang's. A poet and a professor at University of Southern California, Dominic Cheung, said that "had it not been for the political division between the Nationalist and Communist Chinese, she would have almost certainly won a Nobel Prize".[1]
Early life
Chang was born in Shanghai on September 30, 1920 to a renowned family. Her paternal grandfather, Zhang Peilun (张佩纶), was son-in-law to Li Hongzhang, an influential Qing court official, and her materal grandfather, Huang Yisheng (黄翼升) was a prominent naval commander.
In 1922, her family moved to Tianjin, where she started school at the age of four. When Chang was five, her mother left for the United Kingdom after her father took in a concubine and later became addicted to opium. Although Chang's mother did return four years later following her husband's promise to quit the drug and separate from the concubine, a divorce could not be averted. Chang's unhappy childhood in a broken family could very well have contributed to the pessimistic overtone in her later works.
The family moved back to Shanghai in 1928, and two years later, her parents divorced. Chang was renamed Ailing, a transliteration of Eileen, in preparation for her entry into the Saint Maria Girls' School. By now, Chang had started to read Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, which would influence her work throughout her career. Even in secondary school, Chang already displayed great talent in writing and her writings were published in the school magazine. In 1932, she wrote her debut short novel.
After a fight with her stepmother and her father, she ran away from home to stay with her mother in 1938. Chang received a scholarship to study at the University of London in the following year, but had to give up the opportunity because of the ongoing war in China. Instead, she went to study literature at the University of Hong Kong and met her life-long friend Fatima Mohideen (炎樱) there. When Chang was just one semester short of earning her degree, Hong Kong fell to the Empire of Japan on December 25, 1941 and Chang had to leave occupied Hong Kong for her native Shanghai.
Her original plan was to finish her bachelor's degree at Saint John's University, but she had to drop out after only two months due to a lack of money. She refused to get a teaching or editorial job, as she was determined to do what she was best at -- writing.
In the spring of 1943, Chang was introduced to a famous editor, Shoujuan Zhou (周瘦鹃), and gave him a few pieces of her writing. With Zhou's backing, Chang soon became the hottest new writer in Shanghai. Between 1943 and 1944, she wrote some of her most acclaimed works, including Qing Cheng Zhi Lian (倾城之恋) and Jin Suo Ji (金锁记). Her literary maturity was said to be beyond her age.
[edit] First marriage
Chang met her first husband Hu Lancheng (胡兰成) in the winter of 1943 and married him in the following year in a secret ceremony. Fatima Mohideen was the witness. At the time of their relationship, Hu Lancheng was still married to his third wife. Chang loved him dearly in spite of both this and his being labeled a traitor for collaborating with the Japanese.
After the marriage, Hu Lancheng went to Wuhan to work for a newspaper. When he stayed at a hospital in Wuhan, he seduced a 17-year-old nurse, Zhou Xunde (周训德), who soon moved in with him. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Hu used a fake name and hid in Wenzhou, where he fell in love with yet another country girl, Fan Xiumei (范秀美). When Chang tracked him to his refuge, she realized she could not salvage the marriage. They finally divorced in 1947.
[edit] Life in the United States
In the spring of 1952, Chang migrated back to Hong Kong, where she worked as a translator for the American News Agency for three years. She then left for the United States in the fall of 1955, never to return to Mainland China again.
[edit] Second marriage
In MacDowell Colony, Chang met her second husband, the American screenwriter Ferdinand Reyher, whom she married on August 14, 1956. While they were briefly apart (Chang in New York City, Reyher in Saratoga, New York), Chang wrote to Reyher that she was pregnant with his child. Reyher wrote back to propose. Although Chang did not receive the letter, she called the next day telling Reyher she was going over to Saratoga. Reyher got a chance to propose to her in person, but insisted that he did not want the child.
After their marriage, they stayed in New York City until October 1956 before moving back to MacDowell Colony. Chang became a U.S. citizen in July 1960, then went to Taiwan to look for more opportunities (October 1961 - March 1962). Reyher had been hit by strokes from time to time, and eventually became paralyzed. Reyher died on October 8, 1967. After Reyher's death, Chang held short-term jobs at Radcliffe College (1967) and UC Berkeley (1969-1972).
[edit] Translation work
Chang relocated to Los Angeles in 1972. Three years later, she completed the English translation of The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai (海上花列传, literally Biographies of Shanghai Flowers, or Courtesans), a celebrated Qing novel in the Wu dialect by Han Bangqing (韩邦庆, 1856-1894). The manuscript for the translated English version was found after her death, among her papers at the University of Southern California, and published. Chang became increasingly reclusive in her later years.
[edit] Death
Chang was found dead in her apartment on Rochester Avenue in Westwood, California on September 8, 1995, by her landlord. That she was found days after her death testifies to her seclusion. Her death certificate states the immediate cause of her death to be Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). She was survived by her brother Zhang Zijing (张子静) (December 11, 1921- October 12, 1997). Neither Chang nor her brother had any children. Chang's life-long friend Fatima Mohideen died a few months earlier, in June 1995 in New York. According to Chang's will, Chang was cremated without any memorial services and her ashes were released into the Pacific Ocean.
She willed all her possessions to Stephen Soong (宋淇) (who died December 3, 1996) and his wife Mae Fong Soong (邝文美) in Hong Kong. After Stephen and Mae Fong Soong's death, their daughter and son, Elaine and Roland, are the Estate of Eileen Chang's works.
再附上比较简短的：
EILEEN CHANG, also called Zhang Ailing in Chinese, was born into an aristocratic family in Shanghai in 1920.
Her father, deeply traditional in his ways, was an opium addict and her mother, partly educated in England, was a sophisticated woman of cosmopolitan tastes.
Their unhappy marriage ended in divorce, and Chang eventually ran away from her father, who had beaten her for defying her stepmother, then locked her in her room for nearly half a year.
Chang studied literature at the University of Hong Kong, but the Japanese attack on Hong Kong in 1941 forced her to return to occupied Shanghai, where she was able to publish the stories and essays that made her a literary name.
In 1944, Chang married Hu Lancheng, a Japanese sympathizer, whose infidelities led to their divorce three years later.
In 1952, Chang moved to Hong Kong and then emmigrated to the United States three years later.
She remarried the American Ferdinand Reyher, who died in 1967, and held various posts as writer-in-residence.
Chang finished two novels, “The Rice Sprout Song” and “Naked Earth,” in 1950s, and completed the third, “The Rouge of the North” in 1967, which expanded on her celebrated early novella, “The Golden Cangue.”
Chang was found dead in her Los Angeles apartment in September 1995.
1
Eileen Chang, or Zhang Ailing, (Sept. 30, 1920 - Sept. 8, 1995) is a famous Chinese writer. She also used the pseudonym Liang Jing. Chang first made her literary name known in the 1940s "island"Shanghai, when it was occupied by invading Japanese forces. Her work is known for its unique feminine elegance and classic beauty. Her amazing grasp of people's psychology and her particular attitude towards life were seldom seen at the time. Her works frequently deal with the tensions in love between men and women.
Life
Born in Shanghai to a renowned family, Eileen Chang's paternal grandfather Zhang Peilun was son-in-law to Li Hongzhang, an influential Qing court official. Chang was named Zhang Ying at birth. Her family moved toTianjin in1922, where she started school at the age of four.
When Chang was five, her birth mother left for Britain after her father took a concubine and became an opium addict. Although she returned four years later, following her father's promise to quit the drug and split with the concubine, a divorce could not be averted. Chang's unhappy childhood in a broken family probably gave her later works their pessimistic overtone.
The family moved back to Shanghai in 1928. Two years later, Chang was renamed Eileen (her Chinese first name, Ailing, was actually a transliteration of Eileen) in preparation for her entry into the Saint Maria Girls' School.
During hersecondary education, Chang was already deemed a literary genius, and her writings were published in the school magazine. In 1939, she was accepted into the University ofHong Kongto study literature. She also received a scholarship to study in the University of London, though the opportunity had to be given up when Hong Kong fell to the Japanese in 1941.
Chang then returned to Shanghai. She fed herself with what she did best -- writing. It was during this period when some of her most acclaimed works, includingQing Cheng Zhi LianandJin Suo Ji, were penned.
Chang met her first husband Hu Lancheng in 1943 and married in the following year. She loved him dearly, despite the fact that he was already married as well as having been labeled a traitor to the Japanese. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Hu escaped to Wenzhou, where he fell in love with yet another woman. When Chang traced him to his refuge, she realized she could not salvage their marriage. They finally divorced in 1947.
In 1952, Chang migrated to Hong Kong, where she worked as a translator for the American News Agency for three years. She then left for the United States in the fall of 1955, never to return to the mainland again.
In New York, Chang met her second husband, the American scriptwriter Ferdinand Reyer, whom she married in August 1956. Reyer was paralyzed after he suffered from strokes in 1961, while Chang was on a trip toTaiwan, and he eventually died in 1967. After Lai's death, Chang held short-term jobs at Radcliffe College and UC Berkeley.
Chang relocated to Los Angeles in 1973. Two years later, she completed an English translation ofThe Biography of Hai Shang Hua(Hai Shang Hua Lie Zhuan), a celebrated Qing novel written in the Wu dialect.
Chang was discovered dead in her apartment on Sept. 8, 1995. According to a will, she was to be cremated without a funeral. Her ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean.
Chang's main works:
Tao Hua Yun(The Wayward Husband)
Liu Yue Xin Niang (The June Bride)
Xiao Er Nu (Father takes a Bride)
Yi Qu Nan Wang
Qing Cheng Zhi Lian(Love in a Fallen City)
Yuan Nu
Hong Meigui Yu Bai Meigui(The Red Rose and the White Rose)
Ban Sheng Yuan(Yuan of Half a Life, also known asEighteen Springs)
Jin Suo Ji(Record of a Golden Lock)
2
Eileen Chang (traditional Chinese: 张爱玲; simplified Chinese: 张爱玲; pinyin: Zhāng Ailíng) (born Zhang Ying (张瑛); September 30, 1920–September 8, 1995) was a Chinese writer. She also used the pseudonym Liang Jing (梁京), though very rarely.
Her works frequently deal with the tensions between men and women in love, and are considered by some scholars to be among the best Chinese literature of the period. Chang's portrayal of life in 1940s Shanghai and occupied Hong Kong is remarkable in its focus on everyday life and the absence of the political subtext which characterised many other writers of the period. Yuan Qiongqiong was an author in Taiwan that styled her literature exposing feminism after Eileen Chang's. A poet and a professor at University of Southern California, Dominic Cheung, said that "had it not been for the political division between the Nationalist and Communist Chinese, she would have almost certainly won a Nobel Prize".[1]
Early life
Chang was born in Shanghai on September 30, 1920 to a renowned family. Her paternal grandfather, Zhang Peilun (张佩纶), was son-in-law to Li Hongzhang, an influential Qing court official, and her materal grandfather, Huang Yisheng (黄翼升) was a prominent naval commander.
In 1922, her family moved to Tianjin, where she started school at the age of four. When Chang was five, her mother left for the United Kingdom after her father took in a concubine and later became addicted to opium. Although Chang's mother did return four years later following her husband's promise to quit the drug and separate from the concubine, a divorce could not be averted. Chang's unhappy childhood in a broken family could very well have contributed to the pessimistic overtone in her later works.
The family moved back to Shanghai in 1928, and two years later, her parents divorced. Chang was renamed Ailing, a transliteration of Eileen, in preparation for her entry into the Saint Maria Girls' School. By now, Chang had started to read Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, which would influence her work throughout her career. Even in secondary school, Chang already displayed great talent in writing and her writings were published in the school magazine. In 1932, she wrote her debut short novel.
After a fight with her stepmother and her father, she ran away from home to stay with her mother in 1938. Chang received a scholarship to study at the University of London in the following year, but had to give up the opportunity because of the ongoing war in China. Instead, she went to study literature at the University of Hong Kong and met her life-long friend Fatima Mohideen (炎樱) there. When Chang was just one semester short of earning her degree, Hong Kong fell to the Empire of Japan on December 25, 1941 and Chang had to leave occupied Hong Kong for her native Shanghai.
Her original plan was to finish her bachelor's degree at Saint John's University, but she had to drop out after only two months due to a lack of money. She refused to get a teaching or editorial job, as she was determined to do what she was best at -- writing.
In the spring of 1943, Chang was introduced to a famous editor, Shoujuan Zhou (周瘦鹃), and gave him a few pieces of her writing. With Zhou's backing, Chang soon became the hottest new writer in Shanghai. Between 1943 and 1944, she wrote some of her most acclaimed works, including Qing Cheng Zhi Lian (倾城之恋) and Jin Suo Ji (金锁记). Her literary maturity was said to be beyond her age.
[edit] First marriage
Chang met her first husband Hu Lancheng (胡兰成) in the winter of 1943 and married him in the following year in a secret ceremony. Fatima Mohideen was the witness. At the time of their relationship, Hu Lancheng was still married to his third wife. Chang loved him dearly in spite of both this and his being labeled a traitor for collaborating with the Japanese.
After the marriage, Hu Lancheng went to Wuhan to work for a newspaper. When he stayed at a hospital in Wuhan, he seduced a 17-year-old nurse, Zhou Xunde (周训德), who soon moved in with him. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Hu used a fake name and hid in Wenzhou, where he fell in love with yet another country girl, Fan Xiumei (范秀美). When Chang tracked him to his refuge, she realized she could not salvage the marriage. They finally divorced in 1947.
[edit] Life in the United States
In the spring of 1952, Chang migrated back to Hong Kong, where she worked as a translator for the American News Agency for three years. She then left for the United States in the fall of 1955, never to return to Mainland China again.
[edit] Second marriage
In MacDowell Colony, Chang met her second husband, the American screenwriter Ferdinand Reyher, whom she married on August 14, 1956. While they were briefly apart (Chang in New York City, Reyher in Saratoga, New York), Chang wrote to Reyher that she was pregnant with his child. Reyher wrote back to propose. Although Chang did not receive the letter, she called the next day telling Reyher she was going over to Saratoga. Reyher got a chance to propose to her in person, but insisted that he did not want the child.
After their marriage, they stayed in New York City until October 1956 before moving back to MacDowell Colony. Chang became a U.S. citizen in July 1960, then went to Taiwan to look for more opportunities (October 1961 - March 1962). Reyher had been hit by strokes from time to time, and eventually became paralyzed. Reyher died on October 8, 1967. After Reyher's death, Chang held short-term jobs at Radcliffe College (1967) and UC Berkeley (1969-1972).
[edit] Translation work
Chang relocated to Los Angeles in 1972. Three years later, she completed the English translation of The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai (海上花列传, literally Biographies of Shanghai Flowers, or Courtesans), a celebrated Qing novel in the Wu dialect by Han Bangqing (韩邦庆, 1856-1894). The manuscript for the translated English version was found after her death, among her papers at the University of Southern California, and published. Chang became increasingly reclusive in her later years.
[edit] Death
Chang was found dead in her apartment on Rochester Avenue in Westwood, California on September 8, 1995, by her landlord. That she was found days after her death testifies to her seclusion. Her death certificate states the immediate cause of her death to be Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). She was survived by her brother Zhang Zijing (张子静) (December 11, 1921- October 12, 1997). Neither Chang nor her brother had any children. Chang's life-long friend Fatima Mohideen died a few months earlier, in June 1995 in New York. According to Chang's will, Chang was cremated without any memorial services and her ashes were released into the Pacific Ocean.
She willed all her possessions to Stephen Soong (宋淇) (who died December 3, 1996) and his wife Mae Fong Soong (邝文美) in Hong Kong. After Stephen and Mae Fong Soong's death, their daughter and son, Elaine and Roland, are the Estate of Eileen Chang's works.
再附上比较简短的：
EILEEN CHANG, also called Zhang Ailing in Chinese, was born into an aristocratic family in Shanghai in 1920.
Her father, deeply traditional in his ways, was an opium addict and her mother, partly educated in England, was a sophisticated woman of cosmopolitan tastes.
Their unhappy marriage ended in divorce, and Chang eventually ran away from her father, who had beaten her for defying her stepmother, then locked her in her room for nearly half a year.
Chang studied literature at the University of Hong Kong, but the Japanese attack on Hong Kong in 1941 forced her to return to occupied Shanghai, where she was able to publish the stories and essays that made her a literary name.
In 1944, Chang married Hu Lancheng, a Japanese sympathizer, whose infidelities led to their divorce three years later.
In 1952, Chang moved to Hong Kong and then emmigrated to the United States three years later.
She remarried the American Ferdinand Reyher, who died in 1967, and held various posts as writer-in-residence.
Chang finished two novels, “The Rice Sprout Song” and “Naked Earth,” in 1950s, and completed the third, “The Rouge of the North” in 1967, which expanded on her celebrated early novella, “The Golden Cangue.”
Chang was found dead in her Los Angeles apartment in September 1995.
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