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当前,农村财务管理存在许多问题,主要表现在：家底不清,产权不明,无资产台账,集体资产出租和发包不规范；专项资金管理不善,使用不当,财务管理不规范；会计人员业务水平低；缺乏民主管理和监督.针对这些问题,笔者提出以下加强村级财务管理的对策.
一、加强法制宣传,提高认识,做到依法治村
采取各种切实可行的办法,加强法律、法规和有关政策、制度的宣传教育,使干部群众思想认识大大提高.首先,要充分认识加强农村财务管理的重要性,把村级财务管理列入基层组织建设和制度建设的重要内容,摆上重要议事日程,明确专人分工负责,解决实际问题.其次,对村干部和财务人员开展财经管理、法律知识的培训,提高村干部的综合素质,切实做到按章办事,为群众谋利益.第三,要对广大村民开展民主教育,把政策、法律、法规、有关制度交给群众,使他们真正懂得村民的权利,增强村民的参政意识,使其敢于监督、善于监督,以堵塞财务工作中的漏洞.
二、规范集体资产管理,力求集体资产的保值增值
1.明晰产权、摸清家底,搞好农村集体资产所有权的界定和产权登记,建立集体资产台账.做好这项工作,首先要建立集体经济组织的清产核资小组,对本村或本社的资产进行彻底清查,对现有的资产进行产权界定与评估,对账上有而实际已经不存在的资产要按规定程序进行核销,明确集体经济组织的资产存量、结构、分布和运用效益,了解整个资产状况,明晰资产所有权,并进行产权登记.其次,根据清产核资的结果准确无误地建立资产台账,做好集体资产的登记工作,做到账实相符,并及时反映资产的使用及其变动情况,防止资产的流失,保护集体资产的安全和完整.
2.搞好资本营运,盘活资产,保值增值.根据不同类型的资产特点,搞好资产经营.经营性资产重点抓增效,非经营性资产重点抓增值,资源性资产重点抓开发,福利性资产重点抓保护.〔1〕可以采用多种多样的方式充分利用集体资产,如发包出租、使用权拍卖、统一经营等,达到集体资产保值增值的目的.
3.加强专项资金的管理.目前,村级专项资金主要包括征地补偿费、“一事一议”资金等.首先,加强对征地补偿费的管理.征地补偿费的规范管理,是落实最严格的土地管理制度,有效防止圈占土地,乱占滥用耕地,保障失地失业农民合法权益的重要举措.农村集体经济组织应按《村集体经济组织会计制度》的要求对征地补偿费进行会计核算,按照专户存储、专账管理、专款专用的原则来规范管理.土地补偿费的分配、使用预算方案要经集体经济组织成员大会或者成员代表大会批准,事后要将土地补偿费的实际开支、管理情况向集体经济组织成员大会或者成员代表大会报告.对征地补偿费收支原始凭证应单独装订成册,并定期向群众公布管理、使用情况.其次,加强“一事一议”资金的管理.随着农村税费改革的深入,村（社）集体兴办生产、公益事业要求社员出资、出力的,按“一事一议”的办法来筹集,在向群众收取时,要开具统一的“一事一议”筹资收据.“一事一议”收取的资金实行专户储存、专款专用,不得挪作它用,由村民理财小组进行监督,使用、开支情况要及时向群众公布.
4.正确处理“村改居”过程中集体资产的处置问题.在“村改居”过程中,应搞好集体资产的清产核资工作,〔2〕通过村民或者村民代表大会作出资产处置方案,杜绝平调、侵吞、私分集体资产行为,确保集体资产的安全与完整,维护农村集体资产所有权人的合法权益.
三、建立健全财务管理制度,确保村级财务管理有章可循
建立财务制度是搞好财务管理的重要保证.为使村级财务管理工作有章可循,必须严格执行农业部、财政部新颁布的《村合作经济组织会计制度》和《村合作经济组织财务制度》,并从各村的实际出发,建立健全切实可行的村级财务管理制度,如“报账制度”、“列支审批制度”、“票据管理制度”等,做到账簿齐全、记账及时、独立核算、民主理财、规范管理.
At present, there are many rural areas of financial management issues, the main problems: the resources ambiguous, unclear property rights and no assets Taizhang, the collective assets and the rental contract was not standardized; special funds, mismanagement, improper use, financial management regulations; business accounting standards Low lack of democratic management and supervision. In light of these problems, I propose the following to strengthen village-level financial management solutions.
First, strengthening the rule of law advocacy, awareness-raising, according to village
Take practical measures to strengthen laws, regulations and related policies, the public education system so that the cadres and the masses of thinking and understanding greatly enhanced. First, we must fully understand the strengthening of rural financial management of the importance of the village-level financial management include the building of grassroots organizations and an important part of building the system, the top of the agenda, a clear division of responsibilities hand, solve practical problems. Secondly, the village cadres and financial staff in financial and economic management, legal knowledge of the training and improve the overall quality of village cadres, effectively rule-based, for the people's interests. Third, the majority of the villagers have to carry out democratic education, policy, laws and regulations, the system to the masses so that they truly understand the rights of the villagers, the villagers enhance the awareness of political participation, to dare to supervise and be good at supervision, in order to plug the financial work In the loophole.
Second, the norms of collective asset management, and strive to preserve and increase the value of collective assets
1. Clarity of property rights, find out the resources, do a good job in rural collective ownership of assets and the definition of property rights registration, the establishment of collective assets Taizhang. To do this work, we must first establish collective economic organizations of the inventory team, told the village or the assets of a thorough inventory of existing assets define property rights and assessment, reconciliation and on the actual assets that no longer exists In accordance with established procedures to write off, a clear collective economic organizations of the stock of assets, structure, distribution and use efficiency, understand the overall asset position, clear ownership of assets, and property rights registration. Secondly, the results were accurate inventory of assets and the establishment of Taizhang, to the collective assets of the registration work, do it in line with inflation, and reflect the use of assets and changes in the situation and prevent the loss of assets, to protect the safety of the collective assets And complete.
2. Doing a good job operating capital, Panhuo assets, preserve and increase the value. According to characteristics of different types of assets, improve asset management. Grasping key operating assets to improve efficiency, and non-operating assets focused on grasping the value of the assets of resources focused on grasping the development and welfare of grasping the protection of key assets. [1] can use a variety of ways make full use of collective assets, such as rental contract, the right to use the auction, unified management, to preserve and increase the value of the assets of collective purpose.
3. Strengthen the management of special funds. At present, village-level special funds, including compensation for land requisition, "a discussion of" funds. First, to strengthen the management of compensation for land requisition. Compensation for land requisition standardized management is to implement the most strict land management system to effectively prevent Quanzhan land, the indiscriminate use of farmland, protect the legitimate rights and interests of landless peasants unemployment an important measure. Rural collective economic organizations should be "the village collective economic organizations accounting system," the requirements of the land compensation fees for accounting, in accordance with the special account to store, the account management, earmarking the principle to standardize management. Compensation for land distribution, use the budget to the collective economic organizations or members of Assembly members representing the General Assembly for approval, after the land compensation fees to the actual expenditure, management of the collective economic organizations or members of Assembly members of Congress report. On land compensation payments for the original certificate should be separate and bound, and regularly to the masses and announced the management and use. Second, the strengthening "of a proposed" the management of funds. With the deepening of rural tax and fee reform, the village (community) to set up collective production, public welfare undertakings require members funded the effort, according to "of a proposed" approach to raising, to the people in charge, to issuance of a unified "one of the On "Financing for a receipt. "One of the proposed" collection of funds implement special accounts storage, earmarking, it may not be used diversion from the village to supervise financial management team, use, expenditure should be promptly released to the masses.
4. Correct handling of the "village to the Habitat" in the course of the disposal of collective assets. "Habitat Village to" process, should do a good job in the collective assets of the inventory work, [2] adopted by the General Assembly on behalf of the villagers or the villagers to asset disposal programme to eliminate-tune, misappropriating, privately dividing up the collective assets, to ensure that the collective assets of Security and integrity, and the rural collective ownership of assets of the legitimate rights and interests.
Third, establish a sound financial management system to ensure that the village-level financial management rules
Do a good job of a financial system is an important guarantee for financial management. For the village-level financial management rules to follow, we must strictly implement the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Finance issued a new "village cooperative economic organizations accounting system" and "Village cooperative economic organizations financial system," and from the village reality, the establishment of Sound practical village-level financial management system, such as "accounting system", "列支examination and approval system", "notes management system", to complete books, book timely, independent accounting, democratic management, standardized management.
一、加强法制宣传,提高认识,做到依法治村
采取各种切实可行的办法,加强法律、法规和有关政策、制度的宣传教育,使干部群众思想认识大大提高.首先,要充分认识加强农村财务管理的重要性,把村级财务管理列入基层组织建设和制度建设的重要内容,摆上重要议事日程,明确专人分工负责,解决实际问题.其次,对村干部和财务人员开展财经管理、法律知识的培训,提高村干部的综合素质,切实做到按章办事,为群众谋利益.第三,要对广大村民开展民主教育,把政策、法律、法规、有关制度交给群众,使他们真正懂得村民的权利,增强村民的参政意识,使其敢于监督、善于监督,以堵塞财务工作中的漏洞.
二、规范集体资产管理,力求集体资产的保值增值
1.明晰产权、摸清家底,搞好农村集体资产所有权的界定和产权登记,建立集体资产台账.做好这项工作,首先要建立集体经济组织的清产核资小组,对本村或本社的资产进行彻底清查,对现有的资产进行产权界定与评估,对账上有而实际已经不存在的资产要按规定程序进行核销,明确集体经济组织的资产存量、结构、分布和运用效益,了解整个资产状况,明晰资产所有权,并进行产权登记.其次,根据清产核资的结果准确无误地建立资产台账,做好集体资产的登记工作,做到账实相符,并及时反映资产的使用及其变动情况,防止资产的流失,保护集体资产的安全和完整.
2.搞好资本营运,盘活资产,保值增值.根据不同类型的资产特点,搞好资产经营.经营性资产重点抓增效,非经营性资产重点抓增值,资源性资产重点抓开发,福利性资产重点抓保护.〔1〕可以采用多种多样的方式充分利用集体资产,如发包出租、使用权拍卖、统一经营等,达到集体资产保值增值的目的.
3.加强专项资金的管理.目前,村级专项资金主要包括征地补偿费、“一事一议”资金等.首先,加强对征地补偿费的管理.征地补偿费的规范管理,是落实最严格的土地管理制度,有效防止圈占土地,乱占滥用耕地,保障失地失业农民合法权益的重要举措.农村集体经济组织应按《村集体经济组织会计制度》的要求对征地补偿费进行会计核算,按照专户存储、专账管理、专款专用的原则来规范管理.土地补偿费的分配、使用预算方案要经集体经济组织成员大会或者成员代表大会批准,事后要将土地补偿费的实际开支、管理情况向集体经济组织成员大会或者成员代表大会报告.对征地补偿费收支原始凭证应单独装订成册,并定期向群众公布管理、使用情况.其次,加强“一事一议”资金的管理.随着农村税费改革的深入,村（社）集体兴办生产、公益事业要求社员出资、出力的,按“一事一议”的办法来筹集,在向群众收取时,要开具统一的“一事一议”筹资收据.“一事一议”收取的资金实行专户储存、专款专用,不得挪作它用,由村民理财小组进行监督,使用、开支情况要及时向群众公布.
4.正确处理“村改居”过程中集体资产的处置问题.在“村改居”过程中,应搞好集体资产的清产核资工作,〔2〕通过村民或者村民代表大会作出资产处置方案,杜绝平调、侵吞、私分集体资产行为,确保集体资产的安全与完整,维护农村集体资产所有权人的合法权益.
三、建立健全财务管理制度,确保村级财务管理有章可循
建立财务制度是搞好财务管理的重要保证.为使村级财务管理工作有章可循,必须严格执行农业部、财政部新颁布的《村合作经济组织会计制度》和《村合作经济组织财务制度》,并从各村的实际出发,建立健全切实可行的村级财务管理制度,如“报账制度”、“列支审批制度”、“票据管理制度”等,做到账簿齐全、记账及时、独立核算、民主理财、规范管理.
At present, there are many rural areas of financial management issues, the main problems: the resources ambiguous, unclear property rights and no assets Taizhang, the collective assets and the rental contract was not standardized; special funds, mismanagement, improper use, financial management regulations; business accounting standards Low lack of democratic management and supervision. In light of these problems, I propose the following to strengthen village-level financial management solutions.
First, strengthening the rule of law advocacy, awareness-raising, according to village
Take practical measures to strengthen laws, regulations and related policies, the public education system so that the cadres and the masses of thinking and understanding greatly enhanced. First, we must fully understand the strengthening of rural financial management of the importance of the village-level financial management include the building of grassroots organizations and an important part of building the system, the top of the agenda, a clear division of responsibilities hand, solve practical problems. Secondly, the village cadres and financial staff in financial and economic management, legal knowledge of the training and improve the overall quality of village cadres, effectively rule-based, for the people's interests. Third, the majority of the villagers have to carry out democratic education, policy, laws and regulations, the system to the masses so that they truly understand the rights of the villagers, the villagers enhance the awareness of political participation, to dare to supervise and be good at supervision, in order to plug the financial work In the loophole.
Second, the norms of collective asset management, and strive to preserve and increase the value of collective assets
1. Clarity of property rights, find out the resources, do a good job in rural collective ownership of assets and the definition of property rights registration, the establishment of collective assets Taizhang. To do this work, we must first establish collective economic organizations of the inventory team, told the village or the assets of a thorough inventory of existing assets define property rights and assessment, reconciliation and on the actual assets that no longer exists In accordance with established procedures to write off, a clear collective economic organizations of the stock of assets, structure, distribution and use efficiency, understand the overall asset position, clear ownership of assets, and property rights registration. Secondly, the results were accurate inventory of assets and the establishment of Taizhang, to the collective assets of the registration work, do it in line with inflation, and reflect the use of assets and changes in the situation and prevent the loss of assets, to protect the safety of the collective assets And complete.
2. Doing a good job operating capital, Panhuo assets, preserve and increase the value. According to characteristics of different types of assets, improve asset management. Grasping key operating assets to improve efficiency, and non-operating assets focused on grasping the value of the assets of resources focused on grasping the development and welfare of grasping the protection of key assets. [1] can use a variety of ways make full use of collective assets, such as rental contract, the right to use the auction, unified management, to preserve and increase the value of the assets of collective purpose.
3. Strengthen the management of special funds. At present, village-level special funds, including compensation for land requisition, "a discussion of" funds. First, to strengthen the management of compensation for land requisition. Compensation for land requisition standardized management is to implement the most strict land management system to effectively prevent Quanzhan land, the indiscriminate use of farmland, protect the legitimate rights and interests of landless peasants unemployment an important measure. Rural collective economic organizations should be "the village collective economic organizations accounting system," the requirements of the land compensation fees for accounting, in accordance with the special account to store, the account management, earmarking the principle to standardize management. Compensation for land distribution, use the budget to the collective economic organizations or members of Assembly members representing the General Assembly for approval, after the land compensation fees to the actual expenditure, management of the collective economic organizations or members of Assembly members of Congress report. On land compensation payments for the original certificate should be separate and bound, and regularly to the masses and announced the management and use. Second, the strengthening "of a proposed" the management of funds. With the deepening of rural tax and fee reform, the village (community) to set up collective production, public welfare undertakings require members funded the effort, according to "of a proposed" approach to raising, to the people in charge, to issuance of a unified "one of the On "Financing for a receipt. "One of the proposed" collection of funds implement special accounts storage, earmarking, it may not be used diversion from the village to supervise financial management team, use, expenditure should be promptly released to the masses.
4. Correct handling of the "village to the Habitat" in the course of the disposal of collective assets. "Habitat Village to" process, should do a good job in the collective assets of the inventory work, [2] adopted by the General Assembly on behalf of the villagers or the villagers to asset disposal programme to eliminate-tune, misappropriating, privately dividing up the collective assets, to ensure that the collective assets of Security and integrity, and the rural collective ownership of assets of the legitimate rights and interests.
Third, establish a sound financial management system to ensure that the village-level financial management rules
Do a good job of a financial system is an important guarantee for financial management. For the village-level financial management rules to follow, we must strictly implement the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Finance issued a new "village cooperative economic organizations accounting system" and "Village cooperative economic organizations financial system," and from the village reality, the establishment of Sound practical village-level financial management system, such as "accounting system", "列支examination and approval system", "notes management system", to complete books, book timely, independent accounting, democratic management, standardized management.
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