问题描述：
The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder to the amatures.
第一个to 或者充当什么成分?
那为什么前面用has been
用has made
问题解答：
我来补答
Have you ever heard of following expression while learning infinitives:
"James bond is to approach the selected target in Viena."
"The school board is to discuss this issue during next session."
...
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Now you can see the structure;
sb is to do sth
sth is to happen
etc
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which is meant to express sth formal and sometimes imperitive.
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You sentence can well be converted to:
The result is to make entrance harder to amatures.
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And because it describes sth happened and sth still having current effect, the Present Perfect Tense is used.
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period
