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英语翻译
The wastage occurring through storage,conveyance and
distribution ultimately results in delivery of 30–35% of stored
water for plant uptake (Patil,1988; Anbumozhi et al.,2001).The traditional flood or ridge and furrow method of irrigating fields suffers from numerous problems such as considerable seepage (Moolman,1985; Hodgson et al.,1990; Kahlown and Kemper,2004),conveyance and evaporation loss (Rijo and Almeida,1993; Singh et al.,2006); higher energy cost; lower water productivity; irrigation-induced soil erosion (Ferna´ndez- Go´mez et al.,2004),and leaching of costly agricultural inputs causing subsurface water pollution (Humphreys et al.,1989).Moreover,this method is supply driven rather than crop-demand driven causing mismatch between need of the crop and the quantity of water supplied.The decrease in the availability of water for agriculture,coupled with the requirement for the higher agricultural productivity,means that there is no option but to improve the water use efficiency.This has to include an efficient utilization of available water which otherwise would evaporate or percolate from the root zone of the soil.
The recent advances in irrigation technology have made inroads in the cultivation of vegetables and horticultural crops.The frontier technology of micro-irrigation system (MIS) not only provides higher water productivity but also minimizes the problems associated with the traditional irrigation system.The Hill and Mountain agro-ecosystem is characterized by very little irrigated land and difficult terrain.The prevailing terrace cultivation in the region provides ample scope for gravity-fed MIS (Bhatnagar and Srivastava,2003).This minimizes the fuel-based energy or electricity requirement in operation of MIS which further increases profitability.
Based on the diversified range of great altitudinal variations,the hill region of NW Himalaya can be distinctly categorized under tropical,sub-tropical,temperate and alpine zones.The climate of the hills varies greatly depending on altitude and slope aspect.Enhancing and sustaining the productivity of hill agriculture is a major challenge as agriculture is practiced under ecologically fragile environments.
Cultivation is carried out under dramatic altitudinal,climatic and topographical variations and these factors lead to a multitude of socio-economic and physical problems.The present study envisaged the scope of water resources development and its utilization in crop production through gravityfed MIS by enhancing water use in the mid-hill and high hill conditions of NW Himalaya.
The wastage occurring through storage,conveyance and
distribution ultimately results in delivery of 30–35% of stored
water for plant uptake (Patil,1988; Anbumozhi et al.,2001).The traditional flood or ridge and furrow method of irrigating fields suffers from numerous problems such as considerable seepage (Moolman,1985; Hodgson et al.,1990; Kahlown and Kemper,2004),conveyance and evaporation loss (Rijo and Almeida,1993; Singh et al.,2006); higher energy cost; lower water productivity; irrigation-induced soil erosion (Ferna´ndez- Go´mez et al.,2004),and leaching of costly agricultural inputs causing subsurface water pollution (Humphreys et al.,1989).Moreover,this method is supply driven rather than crop-demand driven causing mismatch between need of the crop and the quantity of water supplied.The decrease in the availability of water for agriculture,coupled with the requirement for the higher agricultural productivity,means that there is no option but to improve the water use efficiency.This has to include an efficient utilization of available water which otherwise would evaporate or percolate from the root zone of the soil.
The recent advances in irrigation technology have made inroads in the cultivation of vegetables and horticultural crops.The frontier technology of micro-irrigation system (MIS) not only provides higher water productivity but also minimizes the problems associated with the traditional irrigation system.The Hill and Mountain agro-ecosystem is characterized by very little irrigated land and difficult terrain.The prevailing terrace cultivation in the region provides ample scope for gravity-fed MIS (Bhatnagar and Srivastava,2003).This minimizes the fuel-based energy or electricity requirement in operation of MIS which further increases profitability.
Based on the diversified range of great altitudinal variations,the hill region of NW Himalaya can be distinctly categorized under tropical,sub-tropical,temperate and alpine zones.The climate of the hills varies greatly depending on altitude and slope aspect.Enhancing and sustaining the productivity of hill agriculture is a major challenge as agriculture is practiced under ecologically fragile environments.
Cultivation is carried out under dramatic altitudinal,climatic and topographical variations and these factors lead to a multitude of socio-economic and physical problems.The present study envisaged the scope of water resources development and its utilization in crop production through gravityfed MIS by enhancing water use in the mid-hill and high hill conditions of NW Himalaya.
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