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英语翻译
For example,the Indian economy has experienced rapid economic growth for several years,especially since the process of economic reforms was initiated in 1991.In spite of this growth,unemployment and underemployment remains a major problem.Open unemployment – about 8% in 2007 -- is not a true indicator of the gravity of the unemployment problem in an economy such as India,characterized as it is by large-scale underemployment and poor employment quality in the unorganized sector.Sixty per cent of India's workforce is self-employed,many of whom remain very poor.Nearly 30 percent are casual workers (i.e.they work only when they are able to get jobs and remain unpaid for the rest of the days).Only about 10 per cent are regular employees,of which two-fifths are employed by the public sector.India’s jobless growth is the result of a distorted emphasis on capital intensive and skill intensive development path.Capital intensive sectors,such as heavy manufacturing,and skill intensive sectors,such as information technology,will not solve India’s poverty problem.
There is growing concern to ensure ‘pro-poor’ growth.The last decade has witnessed a decline in the share of the world’s working-age population (aged 15 years and older) that is in work.It stood at 61.4 per cent in 2006,1.2 percentage points lower than ten years earlier.The decrease was larger among young people (aged 15 to 24); within this group,the ratio decreased from 51 percent in 1996 to 46.8 percent in 2006.
The trickle down effects of general economic growth are too little and too slow.There is a need to target programs specifically at poverty reduction rather than just wait for the general growth effect to kick in.The recent political changes – disillusionment with market liberalization and a drift to the populist left -- in several South American countries (such as Venezuela,Bolivia,Ecuador and Nicaragua) support such a direct emphasis on poverty reduction.Developing countries need to emphasize growth in labor intensive,low-skill sectors such as agriculture,light manufacturing,garments and tourism.Reducing poverty requires a major thrust on generating employment targeted at the poor.
In developing countries the problem is not only unemployment,but also the conditions of work of those who are employed.In 2006 there were 1.3 billion people who worked but were still unable to lift themselves and their families above the $2 a day poverty line.In addition,account must be taken of the unemployed people looking for work but unable to find it,and people so discouraged that they had given up looking for work.That is a very large deficit of decent employment.
For example,the Indian economy has experienced rapid economic growth for several years,especially since the process of economic reforms was initiated in 1991.In spite of this growth,unemployment and underemployment remains a major problem.Open unemployment – about 8% in 2007 -- is not a true indicator of the gravity of the unemployment problem in an economy such as India,characterized as it is by large-scale underemployment and poor employment quality in the unorganized sector.Sixty per cent of India's workforce is self-employed,many of whom remain very poor.Nearly 30 percent are casual workers (i.e.they work only when they are able to get jobs and remain unpaid for the rest of the days).Only about 10 per cent are regular employees,of which two-fifths are employed by the public sector.India’s jobless growth is the result of a distorted emphasis on capital intensive and skill intensive development path.Capital intensive sectors,such as heavy manufacturing,and skill intensive sectors,such as information technology,will not solve India’s poverty problem.
There is growing concern to ensure ‘pro-poor’ growth.The last decade has witnessed a decline in the share of the world’s working-age population (aged 15 years and older) that is in work.It stood at 61.4 per cent in 2006,1.2 percentage points lower than ten years earlier.The decrease was larger among young people (aged 15 to 24); within this group,the ratio decreased from 51 percent in 1996 to 46.8 percent in 2006.
The trickle down effects of general economic growth are too little and too slow.There is a need to target programs specifically at poverty reduction rather than just wait for the general growth effect to kick in.The recent political changes – disillusionment with market liberalization and a drift to the populist left -- in several South American countries (such as Venezuela,Bolivia,Ecuador and Nicaragua) support such a direct emphasis on poverty reduction.Developing countries need to emphasize growth in labor intensive,low-skill sectors such as agriculture,light manufacturing,garments and tourism.Reducing poverty requires a major thrust on generating employment targeted at the poor.
In developing countries the problem is not only unemployment,but also the conditions of work of those who are employed.In 2006 there were 1.3 billion people who worked but were still unable to lift themselves and their families above the $2 a day poverty line.In addition,account must be taken of the unemployed people looking for work but unable to find it,and people so discouraged that they had given up looking for work.That is a very large deficit of decent employment.
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