问题描述：
英语翻译
Design — Indicating Through Signs
M.Cecilia C.Baranauskas and
Rodrigo Bonacin
Introduction
Different disciplines have different concepts of “design,” so our
understanding of design varies according our particular field.
The development of the design concept in the Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI) field has inherited approaches,methodologies,
and theories coming mainly from Information Systems (IS),Software
Engineering (SE),Behavioral and Social Sciences and,more recently,
from Design Studies.The rationalist tradition has dominated thinking
regarding the design of interactive systems in the Information
Systems and Software Engineering fields.As discussed by Ehn and
Löwgren,1 the first approaches to IS development can be characterized
by a strong belief in systematic design methods founded in
mathematical-logical theories.Research interests in accuracy and
technical control guided these approaches.The main assumptions
behind them,as suggested in some methods of SE,seem to be that
the users (end-user,client,customer,stakeholder,or problem owner)
are supposed to give complete and explicit descriptions of their
demands in terms of the system to be developed.
Within the rationalist view of IS development,reality is
objectively ascertained,is the same for everyone and is composed
of entities,their properties,and relationships.Data is understood
as a means of representing the truth about reality,and truth is the
correct correspondence between some real entities.An information
system is a kind of “plumbing” system through which data flow
and,within this perspective,the role of the designer is to specify the
truth data structure and functions of the system needed by users.2
According to this view,interface design is just a matter of providing
access to the underlying system functionality.
In the 1990s,this picture changed and one of the major
sources of inspiration was the theoretical discussion on the actual
nature of the phenomenon of designing computer artifacts.A reframing
of the rationalistic understanding of computer systems started
to consider reality as a social construction based on the behavior of
its participating agents.Within this view,the role of the designer is
to assist users to articulate their problems; discover their information
requirements; and evolve a systemic solution.In other words,
“design” is understood by Winograd and Flores,3 and Adler and
Winograd,4 as:“...the interaction between understanding and
creation.” In designing a system,the focus is on concerned involvement
rather than on correct descriptions.
Design — Indicating Through Signs
M.Cecilia C.Baranauskas and
Rodrigo Bonacin
Introduction
Different disciplines have different concepts of “design,” so our
understanding of design varies according our particular field.
The development of the design concept in the Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI) field has inherited approaches,methodologies,
and theories coming mainly from Information Systems (IS),Software
Engineering (SE),Behavioral and Social Sciences and,more recently,
from Design Studies.The rationalist tradition has dominated thinking
regarding the design of interactive systems in the Information
Systems and Software Engineering fields.As discussed by Ehn and
Löwgren,1 the first approaches to IS development can be characterized
by a strong belief in systematic design methods founded in
mathematical-logical theories.Research interests in accuracy and
technical control guided these approaches.The main assumptions
behind them,as suggested in some methods of SE,seem to be that
the users (end-user,client,customer,stakeholder,or problem owner)
are supposed to give complete and explicit descriptions of their
demands in terms of the system to be developed.
Within the rationalist view of IS development,reality is
objectively ascertained,is the same for everyone and is composed
of entities,their properties,and relationships.Data is understood
as a means of representing the truth about reality,and truth is the
correct correspondence between some real entities.An information
system is a kind of “plumbing” system through which data flow
and,within this perspective,the role of the designer is to specify the
truth data structure and functions of the system needed by users.2
According to this view,interface design is just a matter of providing
access to the underlying system functionality.
In the 1990s,this picture changed and one of the major
sources of inspiration was the theoretical discussion on the actual
nature of the phenomenon of designing computer artifacts.A reframing
of the rationalistic understanding of computer systems started
to consider reality as a social construction based on the behavior of
its participating agents.Within this view,the role of the designer is
to assist users to articulate their problems; discover their information
requirements; and evolve a systemic solution.In other words,
“design” is understood by Winograd and Flores,3 and Adler and
Winograd,4 as:“...the interaction between understanding and
creation.” In designing a system,the focus is on concerned involvement
rather than on correct descriptions.
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