【被动表主动】
1.be seated坐着,就座,(＝seat oneself)
2.be hidden躲藏 (＝hide oneself)
3.be lost迷路 4.be drunk喝醉 5.be dressed穿着
6.be faced with面对7.be fed up with对…极其讨厌
8.be taken ill生病 9.be located/situated at/in/on
坐落于,位于(in是在范围之内,on是接壤,at也是在范围之内,不过一般指很小的地区)
【eg】1.He is seated on a bench.→He seats himself on a bench.他坐在凳子上.Please be seated,ladies and gentlemen!女士们,先生们,请就座!2.He was hidden behind the door.→ He hid himself behind the door.他藏在门后.3.He was lost in the forest.他在森林里迷路了.4.It's not respectable to be drunk on the street.在大街上醉倒是不体面的.5.The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.这个女孩穿着一件红色的短裙.6.We are faced with a lot of problems but we'll win through in the end.我们面临许多问题,但终将获得成功.7.I am fed up with his laziness and carelessness.我受够了他的懒惰和粗心.8.She fell ill/was taken ill suddenly.她突然病了.
【介词to＋V-ing.的短语】
1.动词+介词to+动名词
(1)admit to doing sth承认做了某事
(2)apply to doing sth适用于做某事
(3)object to doing sth反对做某事
(4)see to doing sth负责做某事
(5)stick to doing sth坚持做某事
(6)take to doing sth喜欢上做某事,逐渐习惯做某事
(7)be addicted to doing 沉溺于,对…上瘾
2.动词+宾语+介词to+动名词
(1)apply oneself to doing sth专心致力于做某事
(2)devote sthto doing sth把…献给做某事
(3)devote oneself to doing sth献身于做某事
(4)limit sthto doing sth把…限制在做某事的范围内
(5)reduce sb.to doing sth使某人沦为做某事
3.动词+名词+介词to+动名词
(1)give one's life to doing sth献身于做某事
(2)give one's mind to doing sth专心做某事
(3)have a dislike to doing sth厌恶做某事
(4)have an eye to doing sth注意做某事
(5)have an objection to doing sth反对/反感做某事
(6)pay attention to doing sth注意做某事
(7)set one's mind to doing sth决心做某事
4.be+形容词+介词to+动名词
(1)be equal to doing sth等于做某事,能胜任做某事
(2)be used to doing sth习惯于做某事
(3)be opposed to doing sth反对做某事
(4)be reduced to doing sth使某人沦为做某事
(5)be devoted to doing sth把时间/钱/精力等献给 (6)be limited to doing sth把…限制在做某事的范围内
5.其他结构+介词to+动名词
(1)get down to doing sth开始做某事,认真处理某事
(2)look forward to doing sth盼望做某事
(3)What do you say to doing sth?你认为做某事如何?
【主动表被动】
1.一些动词(如burn/clean/close/cook/cut/drink
/drive/fill/keep/lock/move/number/open/pay/peel
/prove/read/sell/shut/translate/wash/wear/weigh
/write)用作不及物动词与副词(如slowly/quickly
/well/easily/perfectly(十分地))连用,描会事物的特性,表示主语的品质/状态,结构是(主语+动词+副词)
【eg】Meat won't keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久.The book sells well.这种书很畅销.The car drives well.这辆车很好开.The cloth washes well.这种布好洗.The dictionary sells for 50 yuan.The matter will keep until morning.The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅.The window won't open.窗子打不开了.This cheese doesn't cut easily.It's too soft.这乳酪不容易切,太软了.This kind of cloth washes well.这种布耐洗.This kind of skirt sells well here.这种样式的衬衫很好卖.This knife cuts well.这把刀好切.This orange peels easily.这个橘子很容易剥皮.This shirt will wear very long.这衬衫可以穿很久.
【注1】不过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态,只是含义稍有不同(用主动形式表示主语的属性,用被动形式表示动作执行者所执行的动作)：The sentences read clearly.这些句子读起来很清楚.(即这句子没有歧义).The sentences are read clearly.这些句子被读得很清楚.(指读的人读得好).
【注2】The door won't shut.这门关不上.The
supermarket doors shut automatically.超市的门是自动关的.该用法的不及物动词通常与can't,won't 等连用,注意它与用被动语态含义不同：The window won't shut.这窗户关不上.(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)The window won't be shut.这窗户将不用关上.(窗户本身没问题,只是不用关)
【注3】有时可能用主动和被动形式均可,只是强调重点稍有不同：Suddenly the door opened.突然门开了.(不强调动作执行者)The door was suddenly opened.门突然被打开了.(强调动作执行者)
【注4】有时也可能用于进行时态：The vegetables are cooking.蔬菜正在煮着.Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何?
2.系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义.(系动词：be/become/feel/get/go/grow/keep/look
/prove/remain/seem/smell/sound/stay/taste/turn)
【eg】Your reason sounds reasonable.你的理由听起来很合理.Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.良药苦口.He looked fine.他气色好.The food tastes delicious.这食物味道很好.That dog looks dangerous.那只狗看起来很危险.Your idea sounds a good one.你的想法听起来很好.My advice proved to be wrong.我的意见证实是错的.Uniforms look ugly on us.我们穿着制服很难看.Mooncakes taste delicious.月饼尝起来很好.The song sounds wonderful.这首歌听上去极棒.Silk feels soft and smooth.绸子摸起来柔软光滑.He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像他看起来那么傻.
3.在be worth doing中,doing表被动意义(不能用be worth being done,可用be worthy of being done)
【eg】This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读.
The topic is well worth talking about.这个话题很值得讨论.The football match is well worth watching.这场足球赛很值得观看.
4.want,need,require等动词表示“需要”,后面可接V-ing表被动,或直接用to be done.deserve(应受到)亦然.【eg】The man deserves punishing.＝The man deserves to be punished.他这个人是罪有应得.My bike needs repairing.＝My bike needs to be repaired.我的自行车需要修理.Your hair wants cutting.＝Your hair wants to be cut.你的头发该理了.The room needs cleaning.＝The room needs to be cleaned.这个房间需要打扫.
5.当break out,take place,shut off,turn off,work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时表主动.(凡是表示“发生”的动词/动词短语都没有被动语态)
【eg】The plan worked out successfully.计划很切实可行.An earthquake took place in Tangshan in 1976.1976年唐山发生地震.
6.不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时,结构：主语+系动词+形容词+不定式；动词+宾语+形容词+不定式.如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义,如(hard/difficult/easy/heavy/fit/good/comfortable
/convenient/impossible/hard/cheap/expensive),则不定式用主动表被动.【eg】The problem is easy to do.The question is difficult to answer.The box is heavy to carry.The project is impossible to complete in a year.The question is difficult to answer.这个问题很难回答.The work is easy to do.这项工作很好做.I found the car comfortable to ride in.我觉得这种车很好坐.That makes poetry difficult to write.那就使得诗很难写.
7.在“there be”句型中,现在分词主动表被动.【eg】There is nothing doing these days.这些天没事干.I see there's a good idea planning.我知道又在打好主意.
8.不定式用于修饰“there be+名词”中的名词时,可用主动式,也可用被动式,有时含义差不多：There is too much work to do [to be done].要做的工作太多了.
但有时含义有差别(不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了for sb,用被动式可视为其后省略了by sb)：【eg】There is nothing to do.无事可做.(含有无聊之意)There is nothing to be done.不能做什么了.(指没有办法了)There is nothing to see.没什么可看的.(即不值一看)There is nothing to be seen.没看见什么.(指没东西看)In the past,there were too many people to feed.在过去需要养起来的人太多了.There are many clothes to wash today.今天要洗的衣服太多了.
9.consist of,belong to,sb be to blame用主表被.
10.不定式用于某些动词(如have/havegot/get/want
/need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义.【eg】Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗?I have some clothes to wash.我有一些衣服要洗.I want something to drink.我想喝点什么.
【注】若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,则应用被动式,比较：I have something to type.我有些东西要打(字).(指自己打字)I have something to be typed.我有些东西要打(字).(指请人打字)
11.某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义.【eg】The book is difficult to understand.这书很难懂.The music isn't pleasant to listen to.这音乐不好听.The picture is
interesting to look at.这幅画看起来挺有趣的.
【注】这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语,按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式,但习惯上却要用主动表被动.这类形容词常见的有:convenient
/dangerous/difficult/easy/hard/impossible
/interesting/nice/pleasant/safe/tough/tricky
/unpleasant等.
