问题描述:
英语翻译
Goal-oriented and problem-solving approaches represent
two distinct kinds of targets decomposition in the
process of evaluation.Widely used in the evaluation of
various topics,both approaches have their own advantages
and disadvantages.In details,under the premise of
proposing the overall goals,goal-oriented approach will
establish the sub-goals and then adopt the top-down
model in the evaluation.Thus,the overall goal is always
focused and followed,which results in the coherence
between the evaluation results and targets.Through the
extensive investigations on the evaluation objects,problem-
solving methods aim to propose the main problems
correlated with the evaluation targets and associated
influencing factors and solutions.Thus,problem-solving methods can respond to the overall goals in the end from
bottom to up,with the pertinence characteristics of the
evaluation results.Among three types of evaluation
frameworks of regional ecological sustainability discussed
above,the comprehensive index evaluation
frameworks belongs to the goal-oriented approach,because
this evaluation framework is oriented to measure
the whole sustainability of coupled human and nature
system.On the contrary,frameworks of monetary valuation
and biophysical quantity measurement can be classified
as problem-solving approaches,as they focus on
one specific ecological aspect of regional sustainability
issues.
To date,along with the occurrence of more and more
emergent ecological or environmental conflicts,problem-
solving approaches are encouraged and recognized
to make valuable contribution towards achieving landscape
sustainability (Fu and Lu,2006; Opdam,2007;
Metzger,2008; McAlpine et al.,2010).However,in
comparison,object-oriented evaluation can select more
comprehensive indicators,but it can not effectively
characterize the critical issues due to lack of pertinence;
problem-solving assessment highlights the impact of
key issues on the evaluation targets,but fails to measure
the system goals comprehensively.Therefore,the integration
of top-down and bottom-up approaches are advocated
(Verburg and Overmars,2009).It is thought to
be a great help to the realization of the comprehensive
evaluation with generality and pertinence to integrate
goal-oriented and problem-solving approaches,namely,
to decompose overall goals into sub-goals,and to select
key issues to evaluate sub-goals.Furthermore,based on
the comprehensive decomposition of the overall goal of
ecological sustainability,a comprehensive index system
could be built with the application of various biophysical
quantity indicators or monetary indicators.The decomposition
model of pressure-state-response proposed
by Peng (2007) is a good example,which is a new direction
in the further studies of ecological sustainability evaluation.
Goal-oriented and problem-solving approaches represent
two distinct kinds of targets decomposition in the
process of evaluation.Widely used in the evaluation of
various topics,both approaches have their own advantages
and disadvantages.In details,under the premise of
proposing the overall goals,goal-oriented approach will
establish the sub-goals and then adopt the top-down
model in the evaluation.Thus,the overall goal is always
focused and followed,which results in the coherence
between the evaluation results and targets.Through the
extensive investigations on the evaluation objects,problem-
solving methods aim to propose the main problems
correlated with the evaluation targets and associated
influencing factors and solutions.Thus,problem-solving methods can respond to the overall goals in the end from
bottom to up,with the pertinence characteristics of the
evaluation results.Among three types of evaluation
frameworks of regional ecological sustainability discussed
above,the comprehensive index evaluation
frameworks belongs to the goal-oriented approach,because
this evaluation framework is oriented to measure
the whole sustainability of coupled human and nature
system.On the contrary,frameworks of monetary valuation
and biophysical quantity measurement can be classified
as problem-solving approaches,as they focus on
one specific ecological aspect of regional sustainability
issues.
To date,along with the occurrence of more and more
emergent ecological or environmental conflicts,problem-
solving approaches are encouraged and recognized
to make valuable contribution towards achieving landscape
sustainability (Fu and Lu,2006; Opdam,2007;
Metzger,2008; McAlpine et al.,2010).However,in
comparison,object-oriented evaluation can select more
comprehensive indicators,but it can not effectively
characterize the critical issues due to lack of pertinence;
problem-solving assessment highlights the impact of
key issues on the evaluation targets,but fails to measure
the system goals comprehensively.Therefore,the integration
of top-down and bottom-up approaches are advocated
(Verburg and Overmars,2009).It is thought to
be a great help to the realization of the comprehensive
evaluation with generality and pertinence to integrate
goal-oriented and problem-solving approaches,namely,
to decompose overall goals into sub-goals,and to select
key issues to evaluate sub-goals.Furthermore,based on
the comprehensive decomposition of the overall goal of
ecological sustainability,a comprehensive index system
could be built with the application of various biophysical
quantity indicators or monetary indicators.The decomposition
model of pressure-state-response proposed
by Peng (2007) is a good example,which is a new direction
in the further studies of ecological sustainability evaluation.
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