问题描述:
英语翻译
The application program interface,or API,acts as an inteface for application programs and utilities to access the internal services provided by the operating system,these include file services,I/O services,data communication services,user interface services,program execution services,and more.
many of the internal services are provided by the kernel module.The remaining services are provided by other modules that are controlled by the kernel.The kernel manages memory by locating and allocating space to programs that need it,schedules time for each application to execute,provides communication between programs that are being executed.manages and arranges servives and resources that are provided by other modules,and provides security.
The file management system allocates and manages secondary storage space and translates file requests from their name-based form into specific I/O requests.The actual storage and retrieval of the files is performed by the I/O drivers that comprise the I/O component.Each I/O driver control one or more hardware devices of similar type.
Network module controls interaction between the computer system and the network(s)to which it is attached.
The operating system software is nearly always stored on a hard disk,but on a few systems the operating system is actually provided as a network service when the system is turned on.In either case.The bootstrap program in the operating system is stored within the computer using a type of memory known as ROM.The bootstrap program provides the tools to test the system and to load the remainder of the operating system from the disk or network.
One operating system might be better suited to some computing tasks than others.To provide clues to their strengths and weaknesses,operating systems are informally categorized and characterized using one or more of the following terms:
(1) A single-user operating system expects to deal with one set of input devices -those that can be controlled by one user at a time.Operating systems for handheld computers and many personal computers fit into the single-user category.
(2)A multiuser operating system is derigned to deal with input,output,and processing requests from many users-all at the same time.One of its most difficult responsibilities is to schedule all of the processing requests that must be performed by a centralized computer-often a mainframe.
(3)A network operating system(also referred to as a'server operating system') provides communications and routing services that allow compoters to share data,programs,and peripheral devices.Novell Netware,for example,is almost always referred to as a network operating system.
The difference between network services and multiuser services can seem alittle hazy.The main difference,however,is that multiuser operating systems schedule requests for processing on a centralized computer,whereas a network operating system simply routes data and programs to each user's local computer,
The application program interface,or API,acts as an inteface for application programs and utilities to access the internal services provided by the operating system,these include file services,I/O services,data communication services,user interface services,program execution services,and more.
many of the internal services are provided by the kernel module.The remaining services are provided by other modules that are controlled by the kernel.The kernel manages memory by locating and allocating space to programs that need it,schedules time for each application to execute,provides communication between programs that are being executed.manages and arranges servives and resources that are provided by other modules,and provides security.
The file management system allocates and manages secondary storage space and translates file requests from their name-based form into specific I/O requests.The actual storage and retrieval of the files is performed by the I/O drivers that comprise the I/O component.Each I/O driver control one or more hardware devices of similar type.
Network module controls interaction between the computer system and the network(s)to which it is attached.
The operating system software is nearly always stored on a hard disk,but on a few systems the operating system is actually provided as a network service when the system is turned on.In either case.The bootstrap program in the operating system is stored within the computer using a type of memory known as ROM.The bootstrap program provides the tools to test the system and to load the remainder of the operating system from the disk or network.
One operating system might be better suited to some computing tasks than others.To provide clues to their strengths and weaknesses,operating systems are informally categorized and characterized using one or more of the following terms:
(1) A single-user operating system expects to deal with one set of input devices -those that can be controlled by one user at a time.Operating systems for handheld computers and many personal computers fit into the single-user category.
(2)A multiuser operating system is derigned to deal with input,output,and processing requests from many users-all at the same time.One of its most difficult responsibilities is to schedule all of the processing requests that must be performed by a centralized computer-often a mainframe.
(3)A network operating system(also referred to as a'server operating system') provides communications and routing services that allow compoters to share data,programs,and peripheral devices.Novell Netware,for example,is almost always referred to as a network operating system.
The difference between network services and multiuser services can seem alittle hazy.The main difference,however,is that multiuser operating systems schedule requests for processing on a centralized computer,whereas a network operating system simply routes data and programs to each user's local computer,
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