问题描述：
英语翻译
Language learning begins with listening.Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking,and later starters are often long listeners .Most children will“obey”spoken instructions some time before they can speak,though the word“obey”is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child .Before they can speak,many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spo-ken words leads to considerable difficulties.It is agreed that they enjoy making noises ,and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly ex-pressive as delight,pain ,friendliness,and so on But since these can’t be said to show the baby;s intention to communicate ,they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language ,It is agreed,too,that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment ,and that by six months theyare able to add new words to their store This self-imitation（摸仿）leads on to deliberate （有意的）imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people.The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imita-tions can be considered as speech.
It is a problem we need to get out teeth into.The meaning of a word depends on what a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation; and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world .Thus the use .at seven months .of “mama”as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaning-less sound simply because he also uses it at another times for his father ,his dog ,or any-thing else he likes.Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself ,I doubt ,however whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds .
Language learning begins with listening.Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking,and later starters are often long listeners .Most children will“obey”spoken instructions some time before they can speak,though the word“obey”is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child .Before they can speak,many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spo-ken words leads to considerable difficulties.It is agreed that they enjoy making noises ,and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly ex-pressive as delight,pain ,friendliness,and so on But since these can’t be said to show the baby;s intention to communicate ,they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language ,It is agreed,too,that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment ,and that by six months theyare able to add new words to their store This self-imitation（摸仿）leads on to deliberate （有意的）imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people.The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imita-tions can be considered as speech.
It is a problem we need to get out teeth into.The meaning of a word depends on what a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation; and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world .Thus the use .at seven months .of “mama”as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaning-less sound simply because he also uses it at another times for his father ,his dog ,or any-thing else he likes.Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself ,I doubt ,however whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds .
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