问题描述：
字母组合是指几个元音字母或几个辅音字母放在一起只读一个音现象?al ar are air ea ee ear ir
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★ 附：常见的字母与字母组合发音规则
（I） 元音字母及元音字母组合拼读规则
● 元音字母的发音
（一） 元音字母a
1. 重读开音节 [ei] paper ; late ; make ; lake ; face
2. 重读闭音节 [æ] bag ; fat ; cat ; ladder ; mass
（*例外：any一些[e] ;many许多[e]）
3. 非重读音节 [ə]或[i]
即：[ə]—— ago ; along ; among ; above ; aloud
[i]—— comrade ; village ; manager ； palace ; private ；necklace
*连续相同的辅音（字母）,一般只发一个音,而且归属
后一个音节段.如上的ladder,village .
4.在字母w或wh后面 ,发[ɔ] was ; wash ; what ; want ;
(*例外：water水[ɔ:])
5.a在诸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath组合里,重读时均发[a:]
即：dance ;France ; chance
ask ;mask ;task ;basket
class ;grass ;glass ;pass ;——（*例外：mass[æ]）
fast ;cast ;past ;last ;master ;
father ;path ;bath ;——(*例外：maths[æ])
(二)元音字母e
1.重读开音节 [i:] me ;he ;she ;these ;evening
2.重读闭音节 [e] hen ;get ; set ;tell ; echo
3.非重读音节 [i] useless ;ticket ;basket ;pocket ;before ;below ;
（三）元音字母i或y
1.重读开音节 [ai] China ; try ; my ; hi ; time ; guide ;
2.重读闭音节 [i] sit ; hit ; ill ; little ; system ;
3.非重读音节 [i] unit ;study
(四)元音字母o
1.重读开音节 [əu] no ; so ; go ; home ; photo ;
2.重读闭音节 [ɔ] not ; hot ; box ; fox ; cock ; cost ;
3.非重读音节 [ə] purpose ; concern
4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前,均发[ʌ]
son ; month ; come ; ton ; (*例外：Tom[ɔ])
love ; dove ; glove ; above ; another
mother ; brother ; become ; some
5.两个单词：woman[‘wu-mən]女人（单数） ; women[‘wi-min]女人（复数）
（五）元音字母u
1.重读开音节 [ju:] pupil ; student ; use ; cube
2.重读闭音节 [ʌ]或[u]
即：[ʌ]——cut ; luck ; umbrella ; us
[u]——put ; full ; pull
4. 非重读音节 [ə] autumn ;August ; support
●元音字母组合的拼读规则
（一）元音字母a的字母组合
1.ai或ay在重读音节中 [ei] rain ; train ; brain ; pain
day ; may ; play ; stay ; lay
*ay在非重读音里[i]或[ei] Sunday ; Monday ; Tuesday ; Thursday ; Friday
2.al+绝大多数辅音字母 [ɔ:] small ; wall ; call ; talk ; walk ；chalk
或[ɔ: l] also ; always
*al后面是k时,只发[ɔ:]
al+f或m时,al发[a:] half ; calm
-al在词尾非重读[（ə）l] medal ; metal ; (例外canal运河,重音在后[æl])
3.-ance在重读时[a: ns] chance ; dance ; France
在非重读时[əns] importance ；performance ；ambulance
4.-ant非重读[ənt] assistant ; important ；peasant
5.-ange一般[eindʒ] change ; danger ; strange ;(*但orange [indʒ])
6.-age 一般[idʒ] village ; carriage ; marriage
7.-ask一般重读时[a: sk] ask ; mask ; task ;basket
8.-ass一般重读时[a: s] class ; glass ; grass ; pass ; (*但mass[æ])
9.-ast一般重读时[a: st] last ; past ; fast ; cast
-aste一般[eist] waste ; paste ; taste
10.-ath一般[a: θ] bath ; path ; (*但maths[æθ])
或[a: ð] father ; rather ; (*但gather[æð])
11.-au一般[ɔ:] cause ; autumn ;August ; (*但because[ɔ])
-augh(t) [ɔ: (t)] caught ; taught ; daughter
(*例外：laugh[l a: f])
12.-aw [ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law ; awful
13.a在字母w或wh后面,a发[ɔ]
was ; wash ; want ; what ; (*但water[ɔ:])
14.-ar 重读音时[a:] party ; car ; farm ; army ; yard ; hard ; star
在字母w或音[w]后面时 [ɔ:] war ; warm ; warn ;towards ; *quarter
在非重读音时[-ə] beggar ; dollar ; solar
15.-are一般[-εə] hare ; bare ; dare ; stare ; rare ; care ; parent
16.-air一般[-εə] chair ; fair ; hair ; pair ; stair ; repair
17.-able 一般[eibl] able ; cable ; table ; stable
(二)元音字母e的组合
1.-ea重读音节有四个音,分别是下列：
-ea[i:] team ; meat ; lead ; teach ; read ; mean ; please ; steal
-ea[e] threat ; bread ; meant ; read(过去式和过去分词) ; peasant
-ea[iə] real ; really
-ea[ei] great ; break
2.-ee[i:] feel ; week ; keep ; three ; steel ; street ; sweep ; see
*但是一个例外：coffee[i]
3.-eer[iə] deer ; pioneer ; engineer ; volunteer
4.-er重读音节[ə:] her ; term ; service ; Germany
非重读[ə] worker ; paper ; western ; teacher
特殊读法[a:] clerk
5.-ere [iə] here ; mere
-ere 或者发[εə] there ; where
6.-ear 有三种音,分别是：
-ear [iə] ear ; dear ; near ; clear ; tear (n.) ; beard
-ear [ə:] early ; earth ; learn ; heard
-ear [a:] heart
* tear作为动词时,发[εə]
7.-ei [ei] eight ; weigh ; weight
-ei [ai] height
-ei [i:] receive
8.-ey重读[ei] they ; hey ; survey
-ey重读[i:] key
-ey非重读[i] monkey ; donkey ; valley ; volleyball
*-et非重读[it] pocket ; ticket ; rocket
9.-ew 一般[ju:] new ; few ; knew
-ew 或者发[u:] grew ; threw
-ew还可以发[əu] sew
10.-ege [idʒ] college
11.-est [i s t] biggest ; modest ; happiest;
12.词尾的-ed在浊音后[d] lived ; studied
-ed在清音后[t] worked ; finished
-ed在字母t或d后[id] wanted ; needed
（三）元音字母i或y的组合
1.-ie在重读音节中,或在辅音字母前,发[i:] field ; piece ; achieve
-ie在词尾[ai] lie ; die ; tie
2.-igh(t)在重读音节[ai(t)] high ; night ; light ; bright
3.-ir在重读音节[ə:] girl ; firm ; circle ; first ; third
4.-ire在重读音节[‘aiə] fire ; tired ; hire ; retired ; wire
5.-ild [aild] child ; wild
6.-ind [aind] find ; kind ; mind ; wind ; (*但window[ind])
7.-ing [iŋ] king ; wing ; sing ; doing ; making
8.-(a)tion [(ei) ʃn] nation ; pronunciation ; information ；composition
-stion [tʃn] question
-sion [ʃn]或[ʒn] mission使命 ; precision精密
9.-ye在词尾[ai] good-bye ; bye-bye
10.-ist[i s t] list ; fist ;
(四)元音字母o的组合
1.-oa在重音时[əu] boat ; coat ; road ; goat ; toad
-oar在重音时[ɔ:] blackboard ; aboard
2.-oi,-oy在重音时[ɔi] boiler ; point ; join ; oil
boy ; toy ; joy ; loyal
3.-oo一般[u:] soon ; too ; zoo ; room ; noon ; food ; mood ; boot ; moon
*单词room和其他名词构成合成词时,常发短音.如classroom[u]…等等.
在字母k或有时在t,d之前时[u] cook ; look ; book ; took ; foot ; good ；
4.-or在重音时[ɔ:] for ; horse ; important ; morning ; born
-or在字母w后面[ə:] work ; word ; world ; worse ; worth
(*但是wore ,worn例外,均发[ɔ:])
-or在非重音时[ə] monitor ; doctor ; professor ; forget ;
forwards ; forgive ; conductor
5.-oar一般[ɔ:] board ; aboard; blackboard
6.-oor一般[ɔ:]或在美式英语里发[ɔ ə] door ; floor
-oor 还发[uə] poor
7.-ore在重音时[ɔ:] snore ; more ; before ; foreign; forest
8.-ou一般[au] shout ; loud ; round ; found
-ou还发[ʌ] country ; countryside ；trouble ；couple ; rough
-ou 还发[u:] wound ; wounded
9.-ough(t)发[ɔ:( t)] ought ; brought ; bought ; fought ; thought
(*例外：cough[k ɔ f] ; rough[rʌf])
10.-oe[əu] toe ; hoe ; Joe
11.-old[əu l d] old ; hold ; cold ; told
12.-ost[əu s t] post ; most ; host ; ghost (*例外cost[ɔ s t])
13.-our在重音时[au] sour ; our ; hour ;
还发[ɔ:] four ; course ; pour
还发[uə] tour ; gourd
-our 在词尾(非重音)[ ə] colour ; neighbour ; favourite
14.-ow在重音时[au] now ; cow ; down ; how ; town
-ow在重音或非重音中[əu] low ; yellow ; below ; follow ; grow
tomorrow ; window ; widow ; know ; show
（五）元音字母u的组合
1.-u在字母ll或sh之前,或者在字母b,p或f之后,均发[u]
如：full ; bull ; pull ; push ; bush
字母l,r或j+u构成的开音节,u发[u:] rule ; true ; blue ; June
2.-ue在词尾[ju:] argue ; continue
3.-ui在字母j或r后面时,发[u:] fruit ; juice
-ui在字母b或g后面,或者紧接重音节后面的一个音节时发[i]
如： build ; guilty ; biscuit
(*即就是说字母u不发音)
4.-ur在重音时[ə:] turn ; return ; Thursday ; nurse ; purse
在非重音时[ə] surprise ; Saturday
-ure在重音时[(j) uə] pure[juə] ; manure[juə] ; sure[uə]
- ture发[tʃə] picture ; future ; mixture
(II) ●辅音字母及辅音字母组合的拼读规则
辅音字母一般都发字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面试列举如下:
1.b在一般情况下[b] back ； big ; lab ; brother
b和u在一起,u常发[i] building； build ； busy
-bt一般[t] debt ; doubt
2.c在字母e,i或y前面时[s] city ; Bruce ; juice ; bicycle ；face ; central
c在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[k] cup ; cold ; cattle ; duck ;
bicycle ; cap ; cut ; class ;
c在词尾时也发[k],但后面有e,那还发[s] gymnastic[k] ; music[k]
grace[s] ; Bruce[s]
-cc在元音字母a,o,u和辅音字母之前[k] occasion ; according ; occupy ; acclaim
在元音字母e和i之前[ks] accent ; success
-ci有时发[ʃ] social
-ch 有三种音[tʃ][ k]或[ʃ] 如下：
[tʃ] China ; rich ; chick ; chalk
[k] school ; chemist ; chemistry ; chemical ; ache ; technology
[ʃ] machine ; parachute ; moustache
-tch[tʃ] catch ; match ; fetch ; hatch ; butcher
-ck[k] duck ; luck ; ticket ; pocket ; black ; cock
3.d在一般情况下[d] did ; made ; desk ; duck ; doubt ; damage
-ds发[dz] birds ; hands
dr在元音字母前[dr] dry ; dress ; driver ; drill
-dge一般[dʒ] bridge ; fridge ; judge ; edge
4.f在一般情况下[f] five ; flag ; life ; leaf
5.g在字母e,i或y前面[dʒ] large ; general ; gymnastics ; age ; energy
*例外：give ; forgive ; get ; forget等,g都发[g]
在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[g] goat ; game ; guard ; ghost ; glass
在词尾也发[g] big ; egg ; fig ; flag
-gn[n],即g不发音 foreign ; sign ; gnaw
-gh发[f]或[-](*既不发音) [-] high ; thought ; light ; brought
[f] laugh ; cough
-dge发[dʒ] bridge ; knowledge ; judge
*gue-,gua-和gui-在词首时一般u都不发音 guess ; guest ; guard ; guide
而-gue在词尾发[g] league ; colleague
6.h在一般情况下[h] help ; behave ; hello ; hit ; hurry
h在字母r或x后面不发音 rhino ; exhibition
7.j在一般情况下[dʒ] joy ; judge ; injure ; journey ; January ; jar ; just
8.k在一般情况下[k] king ; milk ; kick ; kiss ; lock ; knock
k后面是n时,k不发音,即kn发[n] knock ; knee ; know ; knowledge ; knife
9.l在元音字母前发[l](*即“勒”音,供参考) light ；look ; let ; lab ; live
l在辅音字母或词尾时发[l](*即“尔”音,供参考) cold ；sell ; chalk
10.m在一般情况下[m] meet ; meat ; mother ; come ; make ; Tom
m后面是b时,b不发音,即-mb发[m] comb ; tomb ; climb ; bomber
11.n在一般情况下[n] in ; now ; next ; ton ; nest
n在m后面时,n常不发音,即-mn发[m] autumn ; column
但后面有后缀或构成合成词,则n还要发音的 autumnal ; columnist
-ng常发[ŋ]或[ŋg] 发[ŋ] sing ; king ; English ;young
发 [ŋg] finger ；younger ; language
-nk常发[ŋk] bank ; sink ; sank ; sunk ; ink ; thank
12.p在一般情况下[p] map ; cap ; people ; pest
-ph[f] photo ; phantom ; philosophy ; physics ; phrase
13.que在一般情况下[k] unique ; cheque
qu一般发[k w] quarter ; quick ; quilt ; quiet ; quite ; queen
14.r在元音字母前才发音[r](*即音同“略”供参考) room ；read ; rest ; around
r在辅音字母或词尾前,一般不发音 car ; star ; jar
rh在元音字母前只发[r] rhyme ; rhino ; rhetoric
15.s在词首和词尾、清辅音之前或之后,或者在词尾同时在短元音之后,一般发[s]
如：see ; some ; set ; sister ; works ; lips ; newspaper ; yes ; this
注：一条发音习惯,欧美人在发[s]音后面的清辅音（主要是爆破音[p][t][k]和破擦音[tr]）时,习惯上把该清辅音发成相对应的浊辅音 （而书写音标的时候,还是写成清辅音）,试举例如下：
如：school---音标[s k u: l],而习惯念成[s g u: l]
street---音标[s tr i: t],而习惯念成[s dr i: t]
stubborn---音标[‘s t ʌ b n],而习惯念成[‘s d ʌ b n]
student---音标[‘s t j u: d ə n t],而习惯念成[‘s d j u: d ə n t]
space---音标[s p ei s],而习惯念成[s b ei s]
steal---音标[s t i: l],而习惯念成[s d i: l]
就是这样,像这样的单词还有很多.这里只列举这么多了.
s在两个元音之间或者在浊辅音和元音之间时,发[z]
如：these ; nose ; lose ; rise ; wisdom ; observe
词尾的s在浊辅音或元音之后（即在浊音之后）,发[z]
如：pigs ; plays ; flags ; eggs ; toys ; boys
词尾的s在长元音之后,发[z] hers ; yours
s还可以发[ʃ] sure ; Russia
-sh一般发[ʃ] sheep ; ship ; wish ; show ; shift ; fish
-sch一般情况下[s k] school ; scheme(计划)
-sion一般情况下[ʃ n] tension ; succession
在元音字母后[ʒ n] decision ; conclusion
-sure在元音字母后[ʒ ə] measure ; pleasure
16..t在一般情况下[t] tooth ； cat ; teach ; tool ; hit
cut ; let ; ten ; table ; taste ;
-th一般发[θ]或[ð],即发[θ] thin ; tooth ; youth ; think ; thigh
发[ð] that ; with ; this ; these ; those
-tr[tr] try ; trust ; trip ; trouble ; tree ; street
-tion[ʃ n]information ; organization ; pronunciation ; production
(*一个例外：question[tʃ n])
-ture[tʃ ə] picture ; mixture ; future
17.v在一般情况下[v] very ; live ; vehicle ; vase ; valley ; village
18.w在元音字母之前[w] wear ; window ; widow ; week ; weak ; wisdom
wr[r] write ; wrong ; wrist ; written
wh[h] who ; whom ; whose ; whole
wh[w] what ; which ; when ; where ; why
aw[ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law ; lawyer ; awful
ew[j u:] few ; threw ; grew ; knew ; new
ow[əu] own ; owner ; low ; slow ; know ; below
ow[au] now ; cow ; crown
19.x在一般情况下[ks] box ; fox ; next ; textile
位于元音字母之前且重音落在后一个音节上时,发[gz] exam ; exist ; anxiety
20.y在元音字母之前[j] you ; youth ; yes ; young
21.z在一般情况下[z] zoo ; quiz ; zebra ; zero ; zippe
★ 附：常见的字母与字母组合发音规则
（I） 元音字母及元音字母组合拼读规则
● 元音字母的发音
（一） 元音字母a
1. 重读开音节 [ei] paper ; late ; make ; lake ; face
2. 重读闭音节 [æ] bag ; fat ; cat ; ladder ; mass
（*例外：any一些[e] ;many许多[e]）
3. 非重读音节 [ə]或[i]
即：[ə]—— ago ; along ; among ; above ; aloud
[i]—— comrade ; village ; manager ； palace ; private ；necklace
*连续相同的辅音（字母）,一般只发一个音,而且归属
后一个音节段.如上的ladder,village .
4.在字母w或wh后面 ,发[ɔ] was ; wash ; what ; want ;
(*例外：water水[ɔ:])
5.a在诸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath组合里,重读时均发[a:]
即：dance ;France ; chance
ask ;mask ;task ;basket
class ;grass ;glass ;pass ;——（*例外：mass[æ]）
fast ;cast ;past ;last ;master ;
father ;path ;bath ;——(*例外：maths[æ])
(二)元音字母e
1.重读开音节 [i:] me ;he ;she ;these ;evening
2.重读闭音节 [e] hen ;get ; set ;tell ; echo
3.非重读音节 [i] useless ;ticket ;basket ;pocket ;before ;below ;
（三）元音字母i或y
1.重读开音节 [ai] China ; try ; my ; hi ; time ; guide ;
2.重读闭音节 [i] sit ; hit ; ill ; little ; system ;
3.非重读音节 [i] unit ;study
(四)元音字母o
1.重读开音节 [əu] no ; so ; go ; home ; photo ;
2.重读闭音节 [ɔ] not ; hot ; box ; fox ; cock ; cost ;
3.非重读音节 [ə] purpose ; concern
4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前,均发[ʌ]
son ; month ; come ; ton ; (*例外：Tom[ɔ])
love ; dove ; glove ; above ; another
mother ; brother ; become ; some
5.两个单词：woman[‘wu-mən]女人（单数） ; women[‘wi-min]女人（复数）
（五）元音字母u
1.重读开音节 [ju:] pupil ; student ; use ; cube
2.重读闭音节 [ʌ]或[u]
即：[ʌ]——cut ; luck ; umbrella ; us
[u]——put ; full ; pull
4. 非重读音节 [ə] autumn ;August ; support
●元音字母组合的拼读规则
（一）元音字母a的字母组合
1.ai或ay在重读音节中 [ei] rain ; train ; brain ; pain
day ; may ; play ; stay ; lay
*ay在非重读音里[i]或[ei] Sunday ; Monday ; Tuesday ; Thursday ; Friday
2.al+绝大多数辅音字母 [ɔ:] small ; wall ; call ; talk ; walk ；chalk
或[ɔ: l] also ; always
*al后面是k时,只发[ɔ:]
al+f或m时,al发[a:] half ; calm
-al在词尾非重读[（ə）l] medal ; metal ; (例外canal运河,重音在后[æl])
3.-ance在重读时[a: ns] chance ; dance ; France
在非重读时[əns] importance ；performance ；ambulance
4.-ant非重读[ənt] assistant ; important ；peasant
5.-ange一般[eindʒ] change ; danger ; strange ;(*但orange [indʒ])
6.-age 一般[idʒ] village ; carriage ; marriage
7.-ask一般重读时[a: sk] ask ; mask ; task ;basket
8.-ass一般重读时[a: s] class ; glass ; grass ; pass ; (*但mass[æ])
9.-ast一般重读时[a: st] last ; past ; fast ; cast
-aste一般[eist] waste ; paste ; taste
10.-ath一般[a: θ] bath ; path ; (*但maths[æθ])
或[a: ð] father ; rather ; (*但gather[æð])
11.-au一般[ɔ:] cause ; autumn ;August ; (*但because[ɔ])
-augh(t) [ɔ: (t)] caught ; taught ; daughter
(*例外：laugh[l a: f])
12.-aw [ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law ; awful
13.a在字母w或wh后面,a发[ɔ]
was ; wash ; want ; what ; (*但water[ɔ:])
14.-ar 重读音时[a:] party ; car ; farm ; army ; yard ; hard ; star
在字母w或音[w]后面时 [ɔ:] war ; warm ; warn ;towards ; *quarter
在非重读音时[-ə] beggar ; dollar ; solar
15.-are一般[-εə] hare ; bare ; dare ; stare ; rare ; care ; parent
16.-air一般[-εə] chair ; fair ; hair ; pair ; stair ; repair
17.-able 一般[eibl] able ; cable ; table ; stable
(二)元音字母e的组合
1.-ea重读音节有四个音,分别是下列：
-ea[i:] team ; meat ; lead ; teach ; read ; mean ; please ; steal
-ea[e] threat ; bread ; meant ; read(过去式和过去分词) ; peasant
-ea[iə] real ; really
-ea[ei] great ; break
2.-ee[i:] feel ; week ; keep ; three ; steel ; street ; sweep ; see
*但是一个例外：coffee[i]
3.-eer[iə] deer ; pioneer ; engineer ; volunteer
4.-er重读音节[ə:] her ; term ; service ; Germany
非重读[ə] worker ; paper ; western ; teacher
特殊读法[a:] clerk
5.-ere [iə] here ; mere
-ere 或者发[εə] there ; where
6.-ear 有三种音,分别是：
-ear [iə] ear ; dear ; near ; clear ; tear (n.) ; beard
-ear [ə:] early ; earth ; learn ; heard
-ear [a:] heart
* tear作为动词时,发[εə]
7.-ei [ei] eight ; weigh ; weight
-ei [ai] height
-ei [i:] receive
8.-ey重读[ei] they ; hey ; survey
-ey重读[i:] key
-ey非重读[i] monkey ; donkey ; valley ; volleyball
*-et非重读[it] pocket ; ticket ; rocket
9.-ew 一般[ju:] new ; few ; knew
-ew 或者发[u:] grew ; threw
-ew还可以发[əu] sew
10.-ege [idʒ] college
11.-est [i s t] biggest ; modest ; happiest;
12.词尾的-ed在浊音后[d] lived ; studied
-ed在清音后[t] worked ; finished
-ed在字母t或d后[id] wanted ; needed
（三）元音字母i或y的组合
1.-ie在重读音节中,或在辅音字母前,发[i:] field ; piece ; achieve
-ie在词尾[ai] lie ; die ; tie
2.-igh(t)在重读音节[ai(t)] high ; night ; light ; bright
3.-ir在重读音节[ə:] girl ; firm ; circle ; first ; third
4.-ire在重读音节[‘aiə] fire ; tired ; hire ; retired ; wire
5.-ild [aild] child ; wild
6.-ind [aind] find ; kind ; mind ; wind ; (*但window[ind])
7.-ing [iŋ] king ; wing ; sing ; doing ; making
8.-(a)tion [(ei) ʃn] nation ; pronunciation ; information ；composition
-stion [tʃn] question
-sion [ʃn]或[ʒn] mission使命 ; precision精密
9.-ye在词尾[ai] good-bye ; bye-bye
10.-ist[i s t] list ; fist ;
(四)元音字母o的组合
1.-oa在重音时[əu] boat ; coat ; road ; goat ; toad
-oar在重音时[ɔ:] blackboard ; aboard
2.-oi,-oy在重音时[ɔi] boiler ; point ; join ; oil
boy ; toy ; joy ; loyal
3.-oo一般[u:] soon ; too ; zoo ; room ; noon ; food ; mood ; boot ; moon
*单词room和其他名词构成合成词时,常发短音.如classroom[u]…等等.
在字母k或有时在t,d之前时[u] cook ; look ; book ; took ; foot ; good ；
4.-or在重音时[ɔ:] for ; horse ; important ; morning ; born
-or在字母w后面[ə:] work ; word ; world ; worse ; worth
(*但是wore ,worn例外,均发[ɔ:])
-or在非重音时[ə] monitor ; doctor ; professor ; forget ;
forwards ; forgive ; conductor
5.-oar一般[ɔ:] board ; aboard; blackboard
6.-oor一般[ɔ:]或在美式英语里发[ɔ ə] door ; floor
-oor 还发[uə] poor
7.-ore在重音时[ɔ:] snore ; more ; before ; foreign; forest
8.-ou一般[au] shout ; loud ; round ; found
-ou还发[ʌ] country ; countryside ；trouble ；couple ; rough
-ou 还发[u:] wound ; wounded
9.-ough(t)发[ɔ:( t)] ought ; brought ; bought ; fought ; thought
(*例外：cough[k ɔ f] ; rough[rʌf])
10.-oe[əu] toe ; hoe ; Joe
11.-old[əu l d] old ; hold ; cold ; told
12.-ost[əu s t] post ; most ; host ; ghost (*例外cost[ɔ s t])
13.-our在重音时[au] sour ; our ; hour ;
还发[ɔ:] four ; course ; pour
还发[uə] tour ; gourd
-our 在词尾(非重音)[ ə] colour ; neighbour ; favourite
14.-ow在重音时[au] now ; cow ; down ; how ; town
-ow在重音或非重音中[əu] low ; yellow ; below ; follow ; grow
tomorrow ; window ; widow ; know ; show
（五）元音字母u的组合
1.-u在字母ll或sh之前,或者在字母b,p或f之后,均发[u]
如：full ; bull ; pull ; push ; bush
字母l,r或j+u构成的开音节,u发[u:] rule ; true ; blue ; June
2.-ue在词尾[ju:] argue ; continue
3.-ui在字母j或r后面时,发[u:] fruit ; juice
-ui在字母b或g后面,或者紧接重音节后面的一个音节时发[i]
如： build ; guilty ; biscuit
(*即就是说字母u不发音)
4.-ur在重音时[ə:] turn ; return ; Thursday ; nurse ; purse
在非重音时[ə] surprise ; Saturday
-ure在重音时[(j) uə] pure[juə] ; manure[juə] ; sure[uə]
- ture发[tʃə] picture ; future ; mixture
(II) ●辅音字母及辅音字母组合的拼读规则
辅音字母一般都发字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面试列举如下:
1.b在一般情况下[b] back ； big ; lab ; brother
b和u在一起,u常发[i] building； build ； busy
-bt一般[t] debt ; doubt
2.c在字母e,i或y前面时[s] city ; Bruce ; juice ; bicycle ；face ; central
c在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[k] cup ; cold ; cattle ; duck ;
bicycle ; cap ; cut ; class ;
c在词尾时也发[k],但后面有e,那还发[s] gymnastic[k] ; music[k]
grace[s] ; Bruce[s]
-cc在元音字母a,o,u和辅音字母之前[k] occasion ; according ; occupy ; acclaim
在元音字母e和i之前[ks] accent ; success
-ci有时发[ʃ] social
-ch 有三种音[tʃ][ k]或[ʃ] 如下：
[tʃ] China ; rich ; chick ; chalk
[k] school ; chemist ; chemistry ; chemical ; ache ; technology
[ʃ] machine ; parachute ; moustache
-tch[tʃ] catch ; match ; fetch ; hatch ; butcher
-ck[k] duck ; luck ; ticket ; pocket ; black ; cock
3.d在一般情况下[d] did ; made ; desk ; duck ; doubt ; damage
-ds发[dz] birds ; hands
dr在元音字母前[dr] dry ; dress ; driver ; drill
-dge一般[dʒ] bridge ; fridge ; judge ; edge
4.f在一般情况下[f] five ; flag ; life ; leaf
5.g在字母e,i或y前面[dʒ] large ; general ; gymnastics ; age ; energy
*例外：give ; forgive ; get ; forget等,g都发[g]
在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[g] goat ; game ; guard ; ghost ; glass
在词尾也发[g] big ; egg ; fig ; flag
-gn[n],即g不发音 foreign ; sign ; gnaw
-gh发[f]或[-](*既不发音) [-] high ; thought ; light ; brought
[f] laugh ; cough
-dge发[dʒ] bridge ; knowledge ; judge
*gue-,gua-和gui-在词首时一般u都不发音 guess ; guest ; guard ; guide
而-gue在词尾发[g] league ; colleague
6.h在一般情况下[h] help ; behave ; hello ; hit ; hurry
h在字母r或x后面不发音 rhino ; exhibition
7.j在一般情况下[dʒ] joy ; judge ; injure ; journey ; January ; jar ; just
8.k在一般情况下[k] king ; milk ; kick ; kiss ; lock ; knock
k后面是n时,k不发音,即kn发[n] knock ; knee ; know ; knowledge ; knife
9.l在元音字母前发[l](*即“勒”音,供参考) light ；look ; let ; lab ; live
l在辅音字母或词尾时发[l](*即“尔”音,供参考) cold ；sell ; chalk
10.m在一般情况下[m] meet ; meat ; mother ; come ; make ; Tom
m后面是b时,b不发音,即-mb发[m] comb ; tomb ; climb ; bomber
11.n在一般情况下[n] in ; now ; next ; ton ; nest
n在m后面时,n常不发音,即-mn发[m] autumn ; column
但后面有后缀或构成合成词,则n还要发音的 autumnal ; columnist
-ng常发[ŋ]或[ŋg] 发[ŋ] sing ; king ; English ;young
发 [ŋg] finger ；younger ; language
-nk常发[ŋk] bank ; sink ; sank ; sunk ; ink ; thank
12.p在一般情况下[p] map ; cap ; people ; pest
-ph[f] photo ; phantom ; philosophy ; physics ; phrase
13.que在一般情况下[k] unique ; cheque
qu一般发[k w] quarter ; quick ; quilt ; quiet ; quite ; queen
14.r在元音字母前才发音[r](*即音同“略”供参考) room ；read ; rest ; around
r在辅音字母或词尾前,一般不发音 car ; star ; jar
rh在元音字母前只发[r] rhyme ; rhino ; rhetoric
15.s在词首和词尾、清辅音之前或之后,或者在词尾同时在短元音之后,一般发[s]
如：see ; some ; set ; sister ; works ; lips ; newspaper ; yes ; this
注：一条发音习惯,欧美人在发[s]音后面的清辅音（主要是爆破音[p][t][k]和破擦音[tr]）时,习惯上把该清辅音发成相对应的浊辅音 （而书写音标的时候,还是写成清辅音）,试举例如下：
如：school---音标[s k u: l],而习惯念成[s g u: l]
street---音标[s tr i: t],而习惯念成[s dr i: t]
stubborn---音标[‘s t ʌ b n],而习惯念成[‘s d ʌ b n]
student---音标[‘s t j u: d ə n t],而习惯念成[‘s d j u: d ə n t]
space---音标[s p ei s],而习惯念成[s b ei s]
steal---音标[s t i: l],而习惯念成[s d i: l]
就是这样,像这样的单词还有很多.这里只列举这么多了.
s在两个元音之间或者在浊辅音和元音之间时,发[z]
如：these ; nose ; lose ; rise ; wisdom ; observe
词尾的s在浊辅音或元音之后（即在浊音之后）,发[z]
如：pigs ; plays ; flags ; eggs ; toys ; boys
词尾的s在长元音之后,发[z] hers ; yours
s还可以发[ʃ] sure ; Russia
-sh一般发[ʃ] sheep ; ship ; wish ; show ; shift ; fish
-sch一般情况下[s k] school ; scheme(计划)
-sion一般情况下[ʃ n] tension ; succession
在元音字母后[ʒ n] decision ; conclusion
-sure在元音字母后[ʒ ə] measure ; pleasure
16..t在一般情况下[t] tooth ； cat ; teach ; tool ; hit
cut ; let ; ten ; table ; taste ;
-th一般发[θ]或[ð],即发[θ] thin ; tooth ; youth ; think ; thigh
发[ð] that ; with ; this ; these ; those
-tr[tr] try ; trust ; trip ; trouble ; tree ; street
-tion[ʃ n]information ; organization ; pronunciation ; production
(*一个例外：question[tʃ n])
-ture[tʃ ə] picture ; mixture ; future
17.v在一般情况下[v] very ; live ; vehicle ; vase ; valley ; village
18.w在元音字母之前[w] wear ; window ; widow ; week ; weak ; wisdom
wr[r] write ; wrong ; wrist ; written
wh[h] who ; whom ; whose ; whole
wh[w] what ; which ; when ; where ; why
aw[ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law ; lawyer ; awful
ew[j u:] few ; threw ; grew ; knew ; new
ow[əu] own ; owner ; low ; slow ; know ; below
ow[au] now ; cow ; crown
19.x在一般情况下[ks] box ; fox ; next ; textile
位于元音字母之前且重音落在后一个音节上时,发[gz] exam ; exist ; anxiety
20.y在元音字母之前[j] you ; youth ; yes ; young
21.z在一般情况下[z] zoo ; quiz ; zebra ; zero ; zippe
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