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对四大发明的感受 英语的
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中国的四大发明在欧洲近代文明产生之前陆续传入西方,对西方科技发展产生一定影响,印刷术的出现改变了只有僧侣才能读书和受高等教育的状况,便利了文化的传播；火药和火器的采用摧毁了欧洲中世纪天主教的思想枷锁.指南针传到欧洲航海家的手里,使他们有可能发现美洲和实现环球航行,为西方奠定了世界贸易和工场手工业发展的基础.四大发明,在人类科学文化史上留下了灿烂的一页.这些伟大的发明曾经影响并造福于全世界,推动了人类历史的前进.火枪,火箭,火炮等武器全部由中国发明,宋朝由于单兵作战素质不高,因此大力发展军事科学技术,以求平衡,影响世界的军事武器由此诞生.明朝期间对各种火药武器都进行了相当多的改造,因此明朝的军事科技达到了世界的巅峰.当西方国家,利用指南针环游世界,积极开发殖民地的时候,中国人却从清朝开始对外实施闭关锁国政策,对西方世界的兴起一无所知,中国开始落后于西方各国.
China's four great inventions in Europe modem civilization in succession to the west, before an of western technology development has certain influence, printing has dramatically changed only monks can read and by higher education condition, convenience in culture dissemination; Gunpowder and firearms adoption destroyed the medieval European Catholic thought pau gasol. The compass spread to Europe, make them into the hand of the navigator may have discovered America and achieve global navigation, for western world trade and laid the foundation of the development of handicraft industry workshop. The four great inventions in human science culture history left a brilliant page. These great inventions have influence and benefit in all over the world, promote the human the advance of history. Musketeers, rockets, artillery and other weapons by all the Chinese invented, song dynasty because solo combat quality is not high, therefore vigorously develop military science and technology, in order to balance, influencing the world's military weapon was born. During the Ming dynasty to all sorts of gunpowder weapons were quite a number of transformation, therefore the Ming dynasty military technology achieved top of the world. When the western countries, use the compass to travel around the world, actively develop colonies but from the qing dynasty, the Chinese foreign policy, implement seclusion of the rise of the western world ignorant, China began behind western countries.
早在西汉时,我国劳动人民就已造纸.东汉时,蔡伦在总结前人经验的基础上,改进了造纸术,他用树皮,麻头,破布和旧渔网等材料制成植物纤维纸.蔡伦他曾被封为“龙亭侯”,所以人们把他创造的这纸叫做“蔡侯纸”.从6世纪开始,造纸术逐渐传往朝鲜、日本,以后又经阿拉伯、埃及、西班牙传到欧洲的希腊、意大利等地.1150年,西班牙开始造纸,建立了欧洲第一家造纸厂.此后,法国(1189)、意大利(1276)、德国(1391)、英国(1494)、荷兰(1586)、美国(1690)都先后建厂造纸.到16世纪,纸张已流行欧洲.中世纪的欧洲,据说抄一本《圣经》要用300多张羊皮,文化信息的传播因材料的限制,范围极其狭小,纸的发明为当时欧洲蓬勃发展的教育、政治、商业等方面的活动提供了极为有利的条件.
Early in the western han dynasty, our country working people had papermaking. Han dynasty, CAI lun in the summary on the basis of predecessors' experience, improved the paper-making, he bark, hemp head, rag and old fishing nets etc materials plant fiber paper. CAI lun he had been dubbed "the dragon pavilions hou", so people see he created this paper called "CaiHou paper". From the 6th century begins, paper-making gradually preach to Korea, Japan, later again by Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Spain spread to Europe of Greece, Italy, etc. 1150, Spain began papermaking, establishing the European first paper mill. Since then, France (1189), Italy (1276), Germany (1,391), Britain (1494), Netherlands (1586), the United States (1,690) are successively established papermaking. By the 16th century, the paper has been popular in Europe. Medieval Europe, reportedly copied a bible with more than 300 zhang sheepskin, culture dissemination of information due to material limitation, range extremely narrow, the invention of paper for at that time Europe vigorous development of education, political and commercial aspects of activities provided extremely advantageous condition.
中国隋唐时期,人们把刻制印章从刻石上拓印文字两种方法结合起来,发明了雕版印刷术.唐代留下的《金刚经》,精美清晰,是世界上最早的标有确切日期的雕版印刷品(868年).11世纪中期的宋代,毕升发明了活字印刷术,使印刷术得到普遍推广.我国的雕版印刷大约在公元8世纪传到阿拉伯,11世纪以后,又由阿拉伯传的欧洲,12世纪左右传到埃及,随着造纸术的传播,纸张先后取代了埃及的纸草,印度的树叶以及欧洲的羊皮等,引发了世界书写材料的巨大变革,14至15世纪欧洲开始流行印刷术.欧洲现存最早的有确切日期的雕版印刷品,是德国南部的《圣克利斯托菲尔》画像(1423年),晚于我国约600年.1450年前后,德国人受中国活字印刷术的影响,创制了欧洲拼音文字的活字,用来印刷书籍,比毕升晚了400年.印刷术传到欧洲后,改变了原来只有僧侣才能读书和接受较高教育的状况,为欧洲的科学从中世纪漫长黑夜之后突飞猛进发展以及文艺复兴运动的出现提供了一个重要的物质条件.
China sui and tang dynasties, the people who can engrave seals from KeShi on lithographing text two methods combined, invented the jianyang printing. The tang dynasty left the diamond sutra ", exquisite is clear, is the world's first marked the exact date of the jianyang printing (868 years). 11 centuries metaphase of song 1041 and invented the type printing, printing universally promotion. China's jianyang printing about in the 8th century A.D. to Arabia, 11th century later, by Arab preach Europe, 12 century A.D. to Egypt, along with the spread of paper-making, paper has replaced the Egyptian papyruses, India leaves and the European sheep etc., caused a global writing materials huge transformation, 14th and 15th century Europe begins popularity typography. Europe the oldest have the exact date of the jianyang printing is in southern Germany st qualicoat stowe phil "portrait (1423), late in our country about 600 years. In 1450 before, during and after the German by Chinese type printing effects, created a European alphabet writing, the type used to print books, than 1041 late 400 years. Printing was introduced into Europe, changed only monks can read and accept higher education situation, for the European science from which the century after a long night by leaps and bounds development and the emergence of the Renaissance movement provides an important material conditions.
我国在唐朝时期就已发明了火药,并最早用于军事.10世纪初的唐未,出现了火炮、火箭,宋时火器普遍用于战争.蒙古人从与宋、金作战中学会了制造火药、火器的方法,阿拉伯人从与蒙古人作战中学会了制造火器.欧洲人大约于13世纪后期,又从阿拉伯人的书籍中获得了火药知识,到14世纪前期,又从对回教国家战争中学到了制造火药、使用火器的方法.火器在欧洲城市市民反对君主专制中发挥了巨大作用.恩格斯指出：“火器一开始就是城市和以城市为依靠的新兴君主政体反对封建贵族的武器.以前一直攻不破的贵族城堡的石墙抵不住市民的大炮；市民的枪弹射穿了骑士的盔甲,贵族的统治跟身披铠甲的贵族骑兵队同归于尽了.”
Our country in tang dynasty had invented gunpowder, and the earliest for military purposes. The 10th century at the beginning of the tang dynasty, not appeared artillery, rockets, song firearms commonly used to war. Mongolian people from and song, gold combat learned to make gunpowder, firearms method, the arabs from and mongols combat learnt how to produce a firearm. Europeans about in the 13th century later, and from Arab books in gunpowder knowledge, in early 14th century, the war of Muslim countries again from learned make gunpowder, use firearms method. Firearms in European city people oppose autocratic monarchy played a huge role. Engels pointed out: "firearm in the beginning it was cities and city for rely on emerging monarchy opposition to feudal aristocracy weapon. Before always unassailable castles stone can arrive the citizens of artillery, the public's bullet perforated knight's armor, nobles rule with wearing armor aristocratic cavalry's perishes together."
早在战国时代,中国就已经根据磁石指示南北的特性制成了“司南”,这是世界上最早的指南仪器.北宋时期,人们发明了用人工磁化铁针的方法,制成指南针,并开始应用于航海.南宋时,指南针普遍应用于航海,同时传到阿拉伯.13世纪初指南针传入欧洲.指南针在航海上应用,导致了以后哥伦布发现美洲新大陆的航行和麦哲伦的环球航行.这打大大加速了世界经济发展的进程.
Early in the warring states period, China had according to the characteristics of magnet instructions north-south made "SiNa", is one of the world's earliest guide instruments. In the northern song dynasty, people invented by artificial magnetic iron needles of method, make a compass, and began to use under the sea. In southern song dynasty, compass commonly used under the sea, at the same time to Arabia. 13 century compass to Europe. The compass in sailing application, leading to a future voyage of Columbus and Magellan's sailing around the world. This play greatly accelerated the development of world economy process.
China's four great inventions in Europe modem civilization in succession to the west, before an of western technology development has certain influence, printing has dramatically changed only monks can read and by higher education condition, convenience in culture dissemination; Gunpowder and firearms adoption destroyed the medieval European Catholic thought pau gasol. The compass spread to Europe, make them into the hand of the navigator may have discovered America and achieve global navigation, for western world trade and laid the foundation of the development of handicraft industry workshop. The four great inventions in human science culture history left a brilliant page. These great inventions have influence and benefit in all over the world, promote the human the advance of history. Musketeers, rockets, artillery and other weapons by all the Chinese invented, song dynasty because solo combat quality is not high, therefore vigorously develop military science and technology, in order to balance, influencing the world's military weapon was born. During the Ming dynasty to all sorts of gunpowder weapons were quite a number of transformation, therefore the Ming dynasty military technology achieved top of the world. When the western countries, use the compass to travel around the world, actively develop colonies but from the qing dynasty, the Chinese foreign policy, implement seclusion of the rise of the western world ignorant, China began behind western countries.
早在西汉时,我国劳动人民就已造纸.东汉时,蔡伦在总结前人经验的基础上,改进了造纸术,他用树皮,麻头,破布和旧渔网等材料制成植物纤维纸.蔡伦他曾被封为“龙亭侯”,所以人们把他创造的这纸叫做“蔡侯纸”.从6世纪开始,造纸术逐渐传往朝鲜、日本,以后又经阿拉伯、埃及、西班牙传到欧洲的希腊、意大利等地.1150年,西班牙开始造纸,建立了欧洲第一家造纸厂.此后,法国(1189)、意大利(1276)、德国(1391)、英国(1494)、荷兰(1586)、美国(1690)都先后建厂造纸.到16世纪,纸张已流行欧洲.中世纪的欧洲,据说抄一本《圣经》要用300多张羊皮,文化信息的传播因材料的限制,范围极其狭小,纸的发明为当时欧洲蓬勃发展的教育、政治、商业等方面的活动提供了极为有利的条件.
Early in the western han dynasty, our country working people had papermaking. Han dynasty, CAI lun in the summary on the basis of predecessors' experience, improved the paper-making, he bark, hemp head, rag and old fishing nets etc materials plant fiber paper. CAI lun he had been dubbed "the dragon pavilions hou", so people see he created this paper called "CaiHou paper". From the 6th century begins, paper-making gradually preach to Korea, Japan, later again by Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Spain spread to Europe of Greece, Italy, etc. 1150, Spain began papermaking, establishing the European first paper mill. Since then, France (1189), Italy (1276), Germany (1,391), Britain (1494), Netherlands (1586), the United States (1,690) are successively established papermaking. By the 16th century, the paper has been popular in Europe. Medieval Europe, reportedly copied a bible with more than 300 zhang sheepskin, culture dissemination of information due to material limitation, range extremely narrow, the invention of paper for at that time Europe vigorous development of education, political and commercial aspects of activities provided extremely advantageous condition.
中国隋唐时期,人们把刻制印章从刻石上拓印文字两种方法结合起来,发明了雕版印刷术.唐代留下的《金刚经》,精美清晰,是世界上最早的标有确切日期的雕版印刷品(868年).11世纪中期的宋代,毕升发明了活字印刷术,使印刷术得到普遍推广.我国的雕版印刷大约在公元8世纪传到阿拉伯,11世纪以后,又由阿拉伯传的欧洲,12世纪左右传到埃及,随着造纸术的传播,纸张先后取代了埃及的纸草,印度的树叶以及欧洲的羊皮等,引发了世界书写材料的巨大变革,14至15世纪欧洲开始流行印刷术.欧洲现存最早的有确切日期的雕版印刷品,是德国南部的《圣克利斯托菲尔》画像(1423年),晚于我国约600年.1450年前后,德国人受中国活字印刷术的影响,创制了欧洲拼音文字的活字,用来印刷书籍,比毕升晚了400年.印刷术传到欧洲后,改变了原来只有僧侣才能读书和接受较高教育的状况,为欧洲的科学从中世纪漫长黑夜之后突飞猛进发展以及文艺复兴运动的出现提供了一个重要的物质条件.
China sui and tang dynasties, the people who can engrave seals from KeShi on lithographing text two methods combined, invented the jianyang printing. The tang dynasty left the diamond sutra ", exquisite is clear, is the world's first marked the exact date of the jianyang printing (868 years). 11 centuries metaphase of song 1041 and invented the type printing, printing universally promotion. China's jianyang printing about in the 8th century A.D. to Arabia, 11th century later, by Arab preach Europe, 12 century A.D. to Egypt, along with the spread of paper-making, paper has replaced the Egyptian papyruses, India leaves and the European sheep etc., caused a global writing materials huge transformation, 14th and 15th century Europe begins popularity typography. Europe the oldest have the exact date of the jianyang printing is in southern Germany st qualicoat stowe phil "portrait (1423), late in our country about 600 years. In 1450 before, during and after the German by Chinese type printing effects, created a European alphabet writing, the type used to print books, than 1041 late 400 years. Printing was introduced into Europe, changed only monks can read and accept higher education situation, for the European science from which the century after a long night by leaps and bounds development and the emergence of the Renaissance movement provides an important material conditions.
我国在唐朝时期就已发明了火药,并最早用于军事.10世纪初的唐未,出现了火炮、火箭,宋时火器普遍用于战争.蒙古人从与宋、金作战中学会了制造火药、火器的方法,阿拉伯人从与蒙古人作战中学会了制造火器.欧洲人大约于13世纪后期,又从阿拉伯人的书籍中获得了火药知识,到14世纪前期,又从对回教国家战争中学到了制造火药、使用火器的方法.火器在欧洲城市市民反对君主专制中发挥了巨大作用.恩格斯指出：“火器一开始就是城市和以城市为依靠的新兴君主政体反对封建贵族的武器.以前一直攻不破的贵族城堡的石墙抵不住市民的大炮；市民的枪弹射穿了骑士的盔甲,贵族的统治跟身披铠甲的贵族骑兵队同归于尽了.”
Our country in tang dynasty had invented gunpowder, and the earliest for military purposes. The 10th century at the beginning of the tang dynasty, not appeared artillery, rockets, song firearms commonly used to war. Mongolian people from and song, gold combat learned to make gunpowder, firearms method, the arabs from and mongols combat learnt how to produce a firearm. Europeans about in the 13th century later, and from Arab books in gunpowder knowledge, in early 14th century, the war of Muslim countries again from learned make gunpowder, use firearms method. Firearms in European city people oppose autocratic monarchy played a huge role. Engels pointed out: "firearm in the beginning it was cities and city for rely on emerging monarchy opposition to feudal aristocracy weapon. Before always unassailable castles stone can arrive the citizens of artillery, the public's bullet perforated knight's armor, nobles rule with wearing armor aristocratic cavalry's perishes together."
早在战国时代,中国就已经根据磁石指示南北的特性制成了“司南”,这是世界上最早的指南仪器.北宋时期,人们发明了用人工磁化铁针的方法,制成指南针,并开始应用于航海.南宋时,指南针普遍应用于航海,同时传到阿拉伯.13世纪初指南针传入欧洲.指南针在航海上应用,导致了以后哥伦布发现美洲新大陆的航行和麦哲伦的环球航行.这打大大加速了世界经济发展的进程.
Early in the warring states period, China had according to the characteristics of magnet instructions north-south made "SiNa", is one of the world's earliest guide instruments. In the northern song dynasty, people invented by artificial magnetic iron needles of method, make a compass, and began to use under the sea. In southern song dynasty, compass commonly used under the sea, at the same time to Arabia. 13 century compass to Europe. The compass in sailing application, leading to a future voyage of Columbus and Magellan's sailing around the world. This play greatly accelerated the development of world economy process.
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