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The most widely accepted approach for characterizing the loading mechanisms in a soil nailed wall assumes a block-type instability caused by the weight of the soil and wall facing,and any surface loading FHWA1996!.This is resisted by the soil’s shear strength along a potential slip surface,the influence of the soil nails on the shear strength,and the lateral force that comes from soil nail support Fig..For soil nails that intersect the slip surface,it is assumed the nail tension has a twofold effect:It increases the normal stress on the slip surface,thus increasing the soil’s frictional resistance for soils with nonzero friction angle,; and can provide a force component opposite those driving the instability.
This slip surface approach,with a number of variations including the incorporation of nail bending effects!has been widely adopted in practice e.g.,Stocker et al.1979; Shen et al.1981;Juran et al.1990!,and has been implemented in a number of
commercially available software programs.These programs cost typically well over $1,000 U.S.dollars!,and are based on the assumed behavior of the reinforced soil mass,slipping along a curvilinear or bilinear surface as indicated in Fig.1.Two relatively well-documented case studies exist of full-scale test walls that were intentionally brought to failure.The Amherst Test Wall Sheahan 2000!,shown in Fig.3,was built in a stiff varved clay and was brought to failure by overexcavating under the existing nail-shotcrete lifts.The failure,monitored using both inclinometers and surface settlement measurements,was estimated as a relatively steep,linear wedge extending from the wall base to the ground surface,about 60° to the horizontal.The Clouterre Test Wall No.1 Plumelle et al.1990!was constructed in Fontainebleau sand and was intentionally failed using surface saturation.As shown in Fig.,instrumentation and observaFig.2 shows the assumed tension distribution in the nail as given by FHWA 1996!.It is based on the nail’s head strength where it intersects the wall facing,the nail’s yield strength,and the nailsoil pullout resistance.
The most widely accepted approach for characterizing the loading mechanisms in a soil nailed wall assumes a block-type instability caused by the weight of the soil and wall facing,and any surface loading FHWA1996!.This is resisted by the soil’s shear strength along a potential slip surface,the influence of the soil nails on the shear strength,and the lateral force that comes from soil nail support Fig..For soil nails that intersect the slip surface,it is assumed the nail tension has a twofold effect:It increases the normal stress on the slip surface,thus increasing the soil’s frictional resistance for soils with nonzero friction angle,; and can provide a force component opposite those driving the instability.
This slip surface approach,with a number of variations including the incorporation of nail bending effects!has been widely adopted in practice e.g.,Stocker et al.1979; Shen et al.1981;Juran et al.1990!,and has been implemented in a number of
commercially available software programs.These programs cost typically well over $1,000 U.S.dollars!,and are based on the assumed behavior of the reinforced soil mass,slipping along a curvilinear or bilinear surface as indicated in Fig.1.Two relatively well-documented case studies exist of full-scale test walls that were intentionally brought to failure.The Amherst Test Wall Sheahan 2000!,shown in Fig.3,was built in a stiff varved clay and was brought to failure by overexcavating under the existing nail-shotcrete lifts.The failure,monitored using both inclinometers and surface settlement measurements,was estimated as a relatively steep,linear wedge extending from the wall base to the ground surface,about 60° to the horizontal.The Clouterre Test Wall No.1 Plumelle et al.1990!was constructed in Fontainebleau sand and was intentionally failed using surface saturation.As shown in Fig.,instrumentation and observaFig.2 shows the assumed tension distribution in the nail as given by FHWA 1996!.It is based on the nail’s head strength where it intersects the wall facing,the nail’s yield strength,and the nailsoil pullout resistance.
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