复习资料(知识点)

问题描述:

英语人教版新目标九年级11-15单元复习资料( 单词解释,短语,语法(主要),需要注意的) 尽量详细些,谢谢
1个回答 分类:英语 2009-12-30

问题解答:

我来补答
解题思路: 知识点
解题过程:
Unit11
1.宾语从句 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。
①由连接词+ 主语+ 谓语 构成
 常由下面的一些连接词引导:
②由that 引导 表示陈述意义 that 可省略
He says (that) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
③由if , whether 引导 表示一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等)
I don’t know if / whether Wei Hua likes fish. 我不知道韦华是否喜欢鱼。
④由连接代词、连接副词(疑问词) 引导 表示特殊疑问意义
Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗?
⑤从句时态要与主句一致
当主句是一般现在时,从句根据情况使用任何时态
He says (that ) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
I don’t know (that) she is singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。
She wants to know if I have finished my homework.
她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来?
当主句是一般过去时,从句应使用过去某时态
(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)
He said (that) he was at home. 他说他在家里。
I didn’t know that she was singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。
She wanted to know if I had finished m homework.
她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Did you know when he would be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来?
2. get v. 得到、买、到达
3. make a telephone call 打电话
4. save money 省钱、存钱
5. ①问路常用的句子:
Do you know where …is ?
Can you tell me how can I get to …?
Could you tell me how to get to …?
②Can/Could/Will/Would you please tell me sth. 表示十分客气地询问事情
 ③Could you tell me how to get to the park?
请你告诉我怎么才能去邮局好吗?中的how to get to the park
是疑问词与动词不定式连用,用作宾语,但不是宾语从句,可是
相当于how I can get to the park(宾语从句)如:
I don’t know how to solve the problem. ==
I don’t know how I can solve the problem.我不知道如何解决这个问题
Can you tell me when to leave? ==
Can you tell me when I ill leave? 你能告诉我什么时候离开?
6. 日常交际用语:
take the elevator / escalator to the … floor.乘电梯/自动扶梯到…楼
turn left / right === take a left / right 向左/ 右转
go past 经过 go straight 向前直走
7. next to 旁边、紧接着 如:Lily is next to Ann. 莉莉就在安的旁边。
8. between … and… 在…和…之间
如: Lily is between Ann and Tom. 莉莉就在安和汤姆的之间。
9. decide to do 决定做… She decided to go to have lunch. 她决定去吃午餐。
decide v. decision n. make a decision 做个决定
10. Is that a good place to hang out? 那是不是一个闲荡的好地方?
中的to hang out修饰前面名词place,不定式作定语.
如:There are something to eat. 这有吃的东西。中的to eat修饰代词something,作定语.
11. kind of +adj./ adv. 译为“有点、一点”
如: She is kind of shy. 她有点害羞。
12. expensive 贵的 反义词 inexpensive 不贵的
13. crowded 拥挤的 反义词 uncrowded 不拥挤的
14. take a vacation == go on a vacation 去度假
15. dress up 打扮 dress up as 打扮成..
如:He wanted to dress up as Father Christmas.他想要打扮成圣诞老人。
16. on the beach 在海滩上 的介词用 on
17. politely adv. 有礼貌地 polite adj. 有礼貌的
18. depend on sth / doing / 从句 根据、依靠、依赖、决定于
Living things depend on the sunlight.生物对阳光有依赖性。
We can’t depend on his answer. 我们不能根据他的回答。
That depends on how you did it. 那决定于你怎样做这件事。
19. prefer动词 更喜欢 宁愿 常用的结构有:
prefer sth. 更喜欢某事 I prefer English. 我更喜欢英语。
prefer doing/ to do 宁愿做某事 I prefer sitting/ to sit.我宁愿坐着。
prefer sth to sth. 同…相比更喜欢… I prefer dogs to cats. 与猫相比我更喜欢狗。
prefer doing to doing 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
I prefer walking to sitting. 我宁愿走路也不愿坐着
prefer to do rather than do 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
I prefer to work rather than be free. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲着。
20. on the other hand 另一方面
21.把…借给某人lend sb. sth. = lend sth.to sb. 如:
Lily lent me her book. == Lily lent her book to me .莉莉把她的书借给了我。
22. such as
23. I’m sorry to do sth. 对做某事我觉得很抱歉、伤心。
24. in a way 在某种程度说
25. in order to do 为了做… 表目的 如:
He got up early in order to catch the first bus.
他起早床,是为了赶上头班公共汽车。
26. 等级/同级比较:as…as , not as/so…as
①as + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as
表示“和…一样的…”“…和…一样的…”
 如: He works as hard as we. 他工作和我们同样努力。
②否定式:not as + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as
== not so + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as
He doesn’t work as / so hard as we. 他工作没有我们那样努力。
27. hand in 上交
Unit12
1. be supposed to do . 应该 如: We are supposed to stop smoking. 我们应该停止吸烟。
 知识拓展 表示应该的词有:should, ought to ,be supposed to
2. shake hands 握手  shake 本意是“摇动、震动”
3. You should have asked what you were supposed to wear.
你本应该问清楚怎么样穿才得体。中的“should have asked”是
“情态动词+现在完成时”表示过去本应该做某事,事实上没有做
如:She should have gone to Beijing. 她本应该去了北京。(没有去)
4. be relaxed about sth. 对某事随意、不严格 如:
  They are relaxed about the time. 他们对时间很随意。
5. pretty  adv. 相当,很=very She is pretty friendly. 她相当友好。
adj. 美丽的 She is a pretty girl.她是一个美丽的女孩。
6. make plans to do == plan to do. 打算做某事 如:
 She has made plans to go to Beijing.==She has planed to go to Beijing.
7. drop by 访问 看望 拜访 串门
 We just dropped by our friends’ homes.我们刚刚去朋友家串门。
8. on time 按时
9. after all 毕竟 终究 如:You see I was right after all.你看,毕竟还是我对了。
10. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 如:
 Lily invited me to have dinner.莉莉请我吃晚饭。
11. without 没有
12. around the world == all over the world 全世界
13. pick up 捡起 挑选 如:He picked up his hat. 他捡起他的帽子。
14. start doing == start to do 开始做某事 如
  He started reading.== He started to read. 他开始读。
15. point at 指向 
16. stick v. 剌 截  n. 棒,棍 
chopstick 筷子 是由chop(砍)+stick(棒)合成,通常用复数形式:chopsticks
17. go out of one’s way to do 特意,专门做某事 如:
  He went out of his way to make me happy. 他特意使我高兴。
18. make mistakes 犯错误(复数)make a mistake 犯错误(一个)
19. be different from 与…不同  如:
   Chinese food is different from theirs. 中国菜与他们的不同.
20. get/be used to sth. 习惯于…
get/be used to doing 习惯于…
be used to do   被用于做…
be used for doing 被用于做…
used to do 过去常常做… 如:
I wash clothes everyday. But I’m used to it.我每天都洗衣服,但我习惯了
I am used to washing clothes. 我习惯于洗衣服了。
The knives are used to cut things. 小刀被用来切东西。
The knives are used for cutting things. 小刀被用来切东西。
  She used to watch TV after school. 她过去放学后常常看电视。
21. 我发现要记住每一样事是困难的。
I find it difficult to remember everything.
形式宾语   真正宾语
常见的形式宾语有:find / think + it/them +形容词 to do sth. 如:
  I think it hard to study English.
22. cut up 切开 切碎 如:Let’s cut up the water melon. 让我们切开这个西瓜吧。
23. make a toast 敬酒
24. crowd v.挤满 其形容词和过去式及过去分词都是:crowded
25. set n. 一套  v. 设置
26. can’t stop doing 忍不住做某事 I can’t stop laughing. 我忍不住笑
27. make faces 做鬼脸  
28. face to face 面对面
29. learn…by oneself 自学 如:   I learn English by my self. 我自学英语。
Unit 13---Unit15 疑难点
一、疑点难点破解
  1. You have to be careful.你得小心。 疑点:be careful“小心,当心”
  如:Be careful while crossing the road.过马路要小心。
  难点:be careful后常跟of短语。与它同义的有look out。
如:Aren’t you a bit too careful of your health?你对个人的健康难道不是有点过于小心了吗?
Look out!There’s danger ahead.当心!前面有危险。
2. At times an ad can lead you to buy something you don’t need at all.有时广告可能导致你买你根本不需要的东西。
疑点:at times= sometime,是副词性短语,表示事物发生的频率。
如:He is late for school at times.他有时上学迟到。
难点:1)对含有at times的短语进行提问时,用How soon.
如:How soon does he go to school late?At times.
2)句中lead意为“使得、导致”,常用于短语lead sb. to do sth.“导致某人做某事”
如:What leads you to think so?
  3.Soft lighting makes people look good,but it make food look bad.柔和的光线使人的脸色看上去很好看,但使食物看起来很难看。
  疑点:look good/bad意思为“外表的颜色看起来好看/难看”
  如:The traffic accident made him look bad.
  难点:look fine/ well指看起来身体健康
  如:You look better today than yesterday.你今天看上去比昨天好多了。
 3. It makes me want to join a clean-up campaign.这让我想加入一次清扫大运动。
  疑点:注意join的用法:(1)join加入军队,政党,组织等,成为其中一员。
  如:The next year he joined the union.第二年他加入了工会。
  (2)join加入某人,并一起进行某项活动。
  如:She joined her husband in his study.她与她的丈夫一块从事他的研究。
  难点:与join意思相近的短语take part in也表示“参加……”,take an active part in积极参加。它侧重于参加某项活动或运动。
  如:Do you take an active part in sports?你积极参加体育活动吗?
  4. For instance,they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.
 例如,他们能够帮你比较两种不同的产品,以至于你能买到你真正需要的那个。
  疑点:for instance相当于for example 意思为“例如”
  如:He likes all kinds of sports, for instance he likes playing soccer very much.
  难点:句中的compare意为“比较,对照”,可以构成短语compare...with...把……与……相比,compare...to...把……比作……
If we compare French schools with British schools,we will find many differences.
  如果我们把法国的学校与英国的学校相比,会发现许多不同之处。
  如:The poet compares the woman he loves to a rose.
  这位诗人把他所钟情的女人比作玫瑰花。
  5. If you think flowers are too feminine a gift for a man to receive,you can consider giving a plant instead.
如果你认为鲜花对一位男士来说太女性化而不好接受,你可以考虑送一种植物。
  疑点:consider doing sth. 考虑做某事
如:I’m considering changing my job.我正在考虑换工作。
难点:consider还可以加that从句,表示“考虑到…”;还可以组成短语consider sb. +n/adj, 表示“把…看作/认为…”
  如:If you consider that she’s only been studying English for six months,she speaks it well. 如果考虑到她学英语才六个月,那么她讲英语讲得的确不错了。
  Do you consider her suitable for the job?你认为她做这工作合适吗?
二、重点讲解
  1. Rainy days make me sad.雨天使人沮丧。 make的用法
  (1)make+n.make food 做饭make a plane做飞机make the bed 铺床 make money 赚钱 make sb./sth.+adj.使某人(感到),使……处于某种状态
  (2)make的宾语之后可跟名词、形容词、分词来充当宾语的补足语
  1)名词作make的宾语补足语
  The party made her a good teacher.党把她培养成为一名好教师.
  2)形容词作make的宾语补足语
  如:Soccer makes me crazy.足球使我疯狂。
  The soft music makes Tina sleepy.轻柔的音乐使Tina快睡着了。
  Waiting for her made me angry.我很生气一直等着她。
  可用到的形容词有:happy,pleased,surprised,angry,annoyed,sad,upset,unhappy,worried,anxious,excited,relaxed,stressed out,tense,calm,scared,comfortable,sick…
  3)分词作make的宾语补足语
  如: I made myself understood by all the students.
  You must make yourself respected.
  (3). make sb./sth.+do…使某人做某事(不能带不定式符号to)
  如:Wars make the peace go away.战争使和平远离。
  注意:当make用于被动语态时,必须带不定式符号to.
  如:We were made to work all night.我们被迫日夜工作。
  (4). make it习惯用语,及时赶到,到达目的地
  如:I just made it to my class.(Unit 9)我恰好赶到班级。(arrived in time)
  (5). make of /from./out of
  make of 原材料制成成品后,原材料未经任何化学变化,仍保持原有性质.
  如:The chair is made of wood.
  make from当原材料制成成品后,经过了化学变化,失去了原有性质.
(6). make up of 常用于被动结构:be made up of…相当于consist of…(由……组成)
  make up from 由…..所制造
  如:A car is made up of many different parts.
  She wore a necklace made up from gold coins.她戴着一串由金币制成的项链.
  2.…but don’t really tell you anything about the quality of the product.但没有真正告诉你有关产品质量的任何问题。
  tell sb. about sth.“告诉某人有关某事”,tell sb. sth.“告诉某人某事”。
  如:The granny told us about a thief breaking into her house.
  Tell me where you live.告诉我你住在哪儿。?
  3. They also have to know how to make money.他们还必须知道如何赚钱。
  (1)know how to do 其中的不定式带有疑问词。
  know what to do 知道做什么。这一句式可以改为复合句,上句也可为:
  They also have to know how they can make money.
  又如:Please tell me when we should leave. =Please tell me when to leave.
  请告诉我什么时候离开。
  (2)make money/earn money挣钱
  如:His father makes /earns a lot of money as a pilot.他父亲当飞机驾驶员挣钱很多。
  4. However,some advertising can be confusing or misleading.
  然而,一些广告会混淆或误导你。
  (1)confuse v.使迷惑;confusing adj令人迷惑的;confusedadj.迷惑的,糊涂的
  如:Waking up in strange surroundings confused her.她醒来时看到一片陌生的环境,这把她搞糊涂了。
  The instructions are very confusing and I can’t understand them.这些指示莫名其妙,我没有办法理解
  He gets confused easily.他很容易被弄糊涂。
  (2)mislead v.使某人想错/做错,误导;misleading adj.令人受误导的
  如:a misleading description/advertisement误导人的描述(广告)
  5. Be sure to follow your host’s suggestions.务必要遵从主人的暗示或提议。
  (1)be sure to别忘了,记住
  如:Be sure to turn everything off before you go to bed.别忘了睡觉之前关上各样东西。
  (2)be sure to do一定会……的,必定会发生的。
  如:It’s sure to rain. 必定会下雨。
  (3)be sure of 对……有把握。
  如:He’s sure of living to ninety.他对活到90岁很有信心。
三、语法展示
  宾语补足语
  1.宾语补足语和宾语一起称为复合宾语,可作宾语补足语的有:名词,代词,形容词,副词,分词,不定式,介词短语,名词从句。
  如:(1)We call him Jim.我们叫他吉姆。
  (2)Whom do you think of me? 你以为我是谁?
  (3)Please keep the room clean.请保持室内清洁。
  (4)He found her out.他发现她出去了。
  (5)She found the book interesting.她认为这本书很有意思。
  (6)You’d better have your shoes mended.你还是请人把鞋补一补吧。
  (7)Make yourselves at home.不要受拘束。
  (8)We made him what he is.是我们使他成为现在这样。
  2.宾语补足语的注意事项
  1)作宾语补足语的形容词应放在宾语后,若放在前则变成了定语。
  如:(1)We found the man honest.我们发现此人很诚实。(宾补)
  (2)We found the honest man.我们发现了这个诚实的人。(定语)
  2)在动词elect,choose,make之后用作补语的名词,若是表示“身份,职位”则不带冠词。如:They elected Li Lei monitor last week.上周他们选李雷当班长。
  3)有些动词后通常跟“to be+名词或形容词短语”作补语,但to be常省去。这些动词有:think,consider,believe,imagine,suppose,see,find,feel,etc.。
  如:He thinks himself (to be) a clever man. 他认为自己很聪明。
  4)复合宾语可变为宾语从句。
  如:We think her a nice woman.→We think that she is a nice woman.我们认为她是个很好的人。
  5)动词let,make,have及感官动词后用不带to的不定式作补语,若变为被动语态,应将to加上。
  如:I saw tears come into her eyes.→Tears were seen to come into her eyes.我看到她眼里含着泪。
  6)感官动词后跟不带to的不定式或现在分词作补语,其区别在于不定式强调事实经过或动作已完成,而现在分词则强调当时情景或动作正在进行。请比较。
  如:I like to hear her sing.我喜欢听她唱歌。
  I heard her singing last night.昨晚我听到她在唱歌。
一、疑点难点破解
  1. Have you turned off your radio?你关掉收音机了吗?
  疑点:turn off表示“切断、关上”之意,用于指切断电源、关上水管等。它的反义词是turn on。当关掉的东西是代词时,把代词放在中间。
  如:His mother told him to turn off TV and do his homework.他母亲叫他关掉电视去做作业。
  The tap is broken.If you want to save water,you must turn it off.
  难点:与此相关的短语还有turn up“开大声”,turn down“关小点声”。用法同turn off/on.
  如:It is too noisy. Please turn your radio down.
  I can’t hear clearly. Would you please turn the tape up?
  2.In the past twelve months they’ve had three major concerts and made a hit CD.在过去的12个月里他们举行了3次大型演唱会,出了一盘火暴的CD。
  疑点:for/in the past/last twelve months/years/days/etc.常与现在完成时态连用。
  如:(1)For the past few days he has been ill.几天来他一直生病。
  (2)She has been ill for the last three days.这三个星期他在生病。
  (3)In the past three years we have learned two thousand English words.
  3年来我们学了2000个英语单词。
  难点:用于肯定句时,和以上短语连用的动词必须是延续性动作。
 如:He has had(而不是bought)the book for three years.他已经买这本书三年了。
You have kept(不用borrow) the book for two weeks.你已经借这本书两个星期了。
  3. This program started in 1980 and so far has brought thousands of overseas Chinese students to China to look for their families’roots.这个项目是1980年开始的,到目前为止已经帮助了几千名海外中国学生来中国寻根。
  疑点:so far意为“到目前为止”,相当于till now/up to now,可用于句首或句末,用作状语,表示范围、程度或距离,通常作为现在完成时的时间状语出现。
  如:I have read many foreign stories so far.
  难点:so far as 意为“就…而论”、“到…程度”,表示程度、距离等。
  如:So far as I know,he has been to Beijing many times.据我所知,他已去过北京许多次了。
4. I agree with you. 我同意你的看法。
疑点:agree with sb./sb.’s idea/ sb.’s view同意某人,同意某人的观点、想法、主意。
  如:My mother doesn’t agree with my father and me.我妈妈不同意我和爸爸的想法。
  难点:agree还有许多的用法
  (1)用于简短回答中“同意”或“赞成”。如:Chocolate is good for your health. Do you agree?
  Yes,I agree./No,I don’t agree.
  (2)agree to do sth同意去做某事。如:I agree to ask someone for help.我同意向别人求助。
  (3)agree to sth赞成某个建议、安排等。如:He agreed to your suggestion.他赞成你的建议。
  (4)agree on sth. 在……方面达成一致。如:We agree on a price for the car.我们就车价达成一致意见。
  (5)agree that+从句。如:Tom’s mother agree that he went on with his study.
  5.You have probably never heard of Amy Winterbourne.你大概从未听说过Amy Winterbourne.
  疑点:hear of/about听说,接名词、代词或动名词。如:I have never heard of the story before.
  难点:1)hear表示听说时,后面接宾语从句。
  如:I heard that his father died yesterday.
  2)hear from=get/receive a letter from意为“收到…的信”,“得到…的消息”from后面加表示人的名词或代词
  如:How often do you hear from your father?你每隔多久收到你父亲的来信?
  6. The walls are made from old glass bottles that are glued together.墙是由胶合在一起的旧玻璃瓶做成的。
  疑点:be made from 意思是“由… 制成”,但制成品不能看出原材料。
  如:Paper is made from wood.纸是由木头制成的。
  难点:be made还可以构成其他词组,注意区分。
(1)be made of意为“由…原材料制成”,主语为制成品,而且能看出原材料,of后面接表示原材料的名词。如:This jacket is made of cotton.这件上衣是棉花做的。
  (2)be made in表示某一产品在某地生产或制造,in后面跟表示地点的名词。
  如:Trains are made in Zhuzhou.火车是株洲制造的。
  (3)be made by意为“由(谁)制造的”,by后面接动作的执行者。如:The desk was made by his brother.这张桌子是他弟弟做的。
二、重点讲解
  1. Have you packed yet?你打包了吗?
  (1)这是一个现在完成时的句型,它是在两个时间上,一是过去,一是现在。它的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响或结果,而这种影响和结果是说话人的兴趣所在,所以常常后面不用时间状语。Have/has+动词的过去分词,是它的基本结构。
  如:Someone has broken the door.有人把门打破了。(结果,门仍破着)
  (2)pack包装,把……装箱pack sth(up)into…整理行装
  如:Pack clothes into a truck.把衣服装进衣箱内。
  pack into塞进,挤进。如:The children packed into the cinemas on a wet day.在雨天,孩子们挤进电影院。
  2. I have not cleaned out the refrigerator yet.我还没把冰箱清除干净。
  clean sth out打扫某物之内部,扫除某物的尘土等。如:It is time for you to clean your bedroom.现在该你打扫你的卧室的时候了。
  clean sth up清除罪犯和不道德分子,整顿(某物)。
  如:The mayor has decided to clean up the city.市长已决定要整顿市政。
  clean sth down清扫,擦干净。如:Clean down the walls.把墙上的尘土扫下。
  3. I have not done any of these things yet Because my grandfather came to chat to me.那些事情我一样也还没做,因为我祖父来和我聊天。
  (1)because连词,因为。如:I did it because they asked me to do it.我做这事是因为他们要我做。
  (2)because所表达的原因是不知道的,如要表达明显的理由,或被认为是知道的,就用as,for,或so。如:As it is raining,you had better take a taxi.=It is raining,so you had better take a taxi.既然下雨,你最好坐出租车来。
  (3)because of 后面加名词或名词短语。
  如:Because of his bad legs,he could not walk so fast as the others.因为他的腿有毛病,他不能和别人一样走得快。
  4.Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you-if you can get tickets.如果他们到了一个离你近的城市,务必不要错过,如果你能得到票的话。
  be sure to do务必,一定要。如:Be sure to tell me when you arrive home.到家后务必要告诉我一声。
  ★注意动词不定式to do的否定形式,要直接在to do前加not。如:Be sure not to wake up the sleeping boy.一定不要吵醒在睡觉的孩子。
  5. I feel like I have done something that wasn’t important to me before.我想我做了些原先对我并不重要的一些事情。
  feel like+ doing sth.想要,欲要。如:I don’t feel like eating a big meal now.我现在不想吃大餐。
  6. They provide homes for many endangered animals,and help to educate the public about caring for them.我们为濒危动物们提供住所,并教育公众照顾他们。
  provide sth for sb /provide sb with sth把某物提供给某人。如:These letters should provide us with all the information we need.这些信应该为我们提供所需的全部信息。
三、语法展示
  (一)特殊副词的用法
  现在完成时态我们在前面的一、二个单元中已讲述过,所以本单元只讲现在完成时态与几个副词的关系。
  1. ever, never
  ever“曾经”,表示从过去到目前为止的时间,用于现在完成时态的疑问和含有最高级的从句中,否定句中常用never代替ever,在反意疑问句中,附加问句用肯定。
  如:(1)Have you ever been to Hefei?你曾去过合肥吗?
  (2)This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.这是我曾看过的电影中最有趣的一部。
  (3)He has never been to the Great Wall,has he?他从未去过长城,是吗?
  2. still,just
  still“仍然,还”,强调过去开始的情况或动作仍在继续,指时间,强调延续;just“刚刚,刚才”,多与现在完成时连用。注意要与just now区别开,just now指过去的时间,常与过去时连用。
  如:(1)Has your sister still lived here?你妹妹仍然住在这儿吗?
  (2)I have just finished lunch.我刚吃过中饭。
  (3)I saw her mother just now.我刚才看见了她母亲。
  3. before,ago
  两者都可作副词用,before表示过去时间的以前,可独立使用,泛指“以前”,可用于现在完成时态或一般过去时态。ago不能独立使用,要置于时间段的词组之后,只能用于过去时态,表示从现在算起以前的时间。但可以用在情态动词加完成时态结构中,表示现在对过去发生的事情的推测。此外与since连用,构成since…ago用于现在完成时态。
  如:(1)She has seen the film before. 她以前看过这部电影。
  (2)Mary saw Jim a week ago.玛丽一周前见过吉姆。
  (3)A lot of new things have happened since ten years ago.自十年前以来发生了很多新鲜事。
  4. since,for
  since:“自从”,表示的是一个时间点,可用作介词,也可作连词。用作介词时,后接指时间点的名词或短语;用作连词时,后跟一个时间状语从句,但其前的谓语动词或主句的谓语动词须用现在完成时。for构成的短语在现在完成时里,表示时间的长度,后须跟“一段时间”,不可跟“时间点”。
  如:(1)He has worked at that factory since he came to the city.他到这城市以来一直在这家工厂工作。
  (2)I have studied English for three years. 我学习英语已有三年了。
  (二)have been to 与have gone to 的区别
  (1)have been to表示“已经去过某地”,现在已经不在所去的地方了
  如:He has been to America twice.他已经去过美国两次了。
  (2)have gone to表示“去了某地”,并未回来,最起码不在当地。
  He is not here. He has gone to America.他不在这里,他去美国了。
Unit 13---Unit15单元重难点句子讲解
1. I’d rather go to the Blue Lagoon Restaurant... 我宁愿去Blue Lagoon餐厅,……
would rather意为“宁愿……”,表示句子主语的愿望、选择,后接省去to的不定式。
He’d rather join you in the English Group. 他宁愿加入到你的英语小组中来。
Which would you rather have, bread or rice? 面包和米饭,你更喜欢哪一个?
如果表示“宁愿(可)……也不愿……”则用句型would rather...than...。在would rather和than后面所连接的两个对比部分一般要一致。
The brave soldier would rather die than give in.那个勇敢的士兵宁死不屈。
He’d rather work than play. 他宁愿工作也不愿玩。
They preferred to die of hunger rather than take his bread.
他们宁愿饿死也不愿接受他的面包。
2. Loud music makes me happy. (P103)嘈杂的音乐使我很开心。
Loud music always makes me want to dance. (P103)嘈杂的音乐总是使我想去跳舞。
这两句是动词make的使役用法,make me后分别接了形容词和不定式短语。make的这种用法常见于以下结构:
◎ make+名词(代词)+省略to的动词不定式
My parents often make me do some other homework. 我父母常让我做些其他的作业。
特别提示
这一结构中的不定式短语在主动结构中是宾语补足语,必须省去to,变为被动结构时,不定式短语作主语补足语,这时必须带to。
She was made to work for the night shift. 她不得不上夜班。
◎make+名词/代词+-ed分词短语
What made them so frightened?什么使他们这样害怕?
Can you make yourself understood in English?你能用英语把意思表达清楚吗?
◎make+名词/代词+介词短语或名词短语
She made him her assistant. 她委派他做自己的助手。
Sit down and make yourselves at home, everyone.大家请坐,不要拘束。
◎make+名词(代词)+形容词或形容词短语。
The good news made us happy. 这条好消息使我们很高兴。
3. ... small restaurants can serve many people every day. (P104)……小饭店每天就可以多接待些顾客。
句中的serve 有“服侍,侍候,招待”等意思,常用于以下结构中:
◎ serve+宾语
They were busy serving the day’s last buyers.他们正忙着接待这天的最后一批顾客。
Nobody can serve two masters. 一人不能侍奉二主。
◎ serve sb sth, 或serve sth to sb
Mrs Turner served us a very good dinner.
=Mrs Turner served a very good dinner to us.
特纳太太招待我们吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。
◎ serve sb with sth
We served them with beer and wine. 我们用啤酒和红酒招待他们。
4. However, some advertising can be confusing or misleading. (P106)可是,一些广告可能会混淆黑白或误导消费。
confusing与misleading是两个现在分词,相当于形容词,意思分别是“感到混消的”和“误导的”,在句中作表语,主语通常是表示物的名词或代词,如本句中的用法;也可以用作定语,既可修饰表示人的名词或代词,也可以修饰表示物的名词或代词。
They can be some confusing or misleading advertisements.
它们可能是一些混淆黑白或误导消费的广告。
What he said made us confusing.他说的话令我们感到困惑。
5. At times an ad can lead you to buy something you don’t need at all.(P106) 有时,一则广告会诱导你去买你根本就不需要的东西。
at times意为“有时,不时”,与sometimes同义。两者在句中的位置较灵活,可位于句首,句中或句末。
At times I make mistakes when I speak English. 我说英语时有时会出错。
They went to town at times during the cold winter.在寒冷的冬天,他们有时候进城去。
Sometimes they walk to school. 有时候,他们步行上学。
He sometimes plays football with his friends. 他有时和朋友一起踢足球。
6. To start with, it was raining, and rainy days make me sad. (P107)起初,天在下雨,雨天使我心情很不好。
◎ start with作“首先”解时,只用于动词不定式,在句中常常以插入语的形式出现。
To start with, the computer room must be kept very clean.
首先,计算机工作室必须保持清洁。
Our group had five members, to start with.刚开始,我们小组只有五个人。
◎ start with可表示“从……开始”;“先从某事做起”,与begin...with是同义词组。反义词组是end with“以……结束”。
He started/began with the aim of injuring others only to end up by ruining himself.他本想损害别人,结果只害了自己。
The meeting ended with a speech given by the chairman.会议以主席的讲话结束。
He wanted to start/begin with the smallest country and end with the largest one.
他打算先去最小的国家,最后去最大的国家。
◎ start单独使用时,意为“开始”,可用作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时,其后跟名词、代词,也可跟动词不定式或动名词形式。begin是start的同义词,两者在用法上没有很大差别,只是start侧重动作的突然开始。
As soon as we got there, it started raining.我们一到那儿就下雨了。
When did we start/begin this lesson?我们是什么时候开始讲这一课的?
7. ...some people would rather just give money.(P108)……有些宁愿只给钱。
句中的would rather是would rather...than...的省略形式,意为“宁愿……而不……”,表示主观愿望。使用这一结构,要注意两个比较的部分对等。
You would also rather stay at home and read a good book than go to a party.
你宁愿待在家里看一本好书也不愿去参加舞会。
I would rather have the small one than the big one.我宁愿要小的,不要大的。
特别提示:
比较的部分如果是动词,than后应是动词原形。
8. I prefer to receive a gift... (P108)我宁愿接受一件……礼物。
prefer表示选择时,可用两种句型。
(1)prefer+名词或动名词+to+名词或动名词。
They prefer red to blue.与蓝色相比,他们更喜欢红色。
I preferred doing something to doing nothing.我喜欢做点什么,而不喜欢闲着。
(2)prefer+不定式或名词+rather than+不带to的动词不定式。
He preferred to walk there rather than go by bus.
他喜欢走着去那儿,不喜欢乘公共汽车。
She prefers to read rather than sit idle.她喜欢读书而不愿闲坐着。
Unit 14
1. Sorry I couldn’t get back to you sooner. (P112)很抱歉我没能尽快给你回复。
这是在E-mail message回复中的常用语,句中“get back to sb”的意思是“以后再答复”。
I can’t give you a definite answer now but I’ll get back to you about it soon.
我现在不能给你一个明确的回答,但我很快会给你答复的。
2. In the past twelve months, they’ve had three major concerts and made a hit CD. 在过去的十二个月里,他们举办了三场较大的音乐会,出版了一张很受欢迎的CD唱片。
(1)“in the past+时间段”常用于完成时的句子中,表示“在过去的……时间里”,past是形容词,可以用last来替换,而past/last的后面通常要使用“数字+名词”的结构。
In the past/last two years, she has studied English very hard.
在过去的两年里,她一直在努力地学英语。
(2)短语make a hit表示“大获成功”、“(演出等)大受欢迎;受到赞扬”等,hit是名词,表示成功而风行一时的事物,如电影,歌曲,演出等。
Zhou Jielun has just made a hit CD. 周杰伦刚出版了一盘轰动一时的CD。
His song was a great hit. 他的歌曲轰动一时。
He made a great hit in teaching. 他曾在教学上获得了巨大的成功。
3. And then they’re going to go on a world tour in which they will perform in ten different cities. (P114)然后,他们将去世界各地旅行并在十个城市巡回演出。
...in which they will perform in ten different cities是定语从句,先行词是tour,在关系代词which前介词in通常的位置是在动词perform的后面。本句为了避免与in two different cities短语中的in重复,将perform后的第一个in前置。句中perform 主要指扮演角色,演奏某种乐器,演出某一节目,侧重能力,技巧,效果,可用 作及物动词和不及物动词。
The magician performed wonderful tricks. 魔术师表演了精彩的魔术。
He performs perfectly on the piano. 他的钢琴演奏太棒了。
4. Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you — if you can get tickets, that is. (P114)如果他们来到你附近的城市,千万不要错过——当然,如果你能弄到票的话。
(1)句中的that is表示“确切地;换句话说;也就是”,用来表达一个准确的说法,即对前面的内容加以准确地说明。
She’s a housewife — when she’s not teaching English, that is.
她是个家庭主妇——是指她不教英语的时候。
(2)句中miss是“错过”,后接名词、代词或v-ing形式,不可接不定式。
They missed the train by two minutes.他们差两分钟没赶上火车。
I came late and missed seeing the beginning of the movie.
我来晚了,没有看见电影的开始部分。
miss还可表示“丢失”、“失去”,与lose同义。
5. ...but we really hope to have a number one hit some day. (P114)……但是我们真的希望有朝一日我们制作出能卖得最好的一首歌。
some day意为“将来某一日”,等于someday,与one day是近义词。some day/someday只表示将来,不表示过去。而one day用在过去时的句子里是“有一天”的意思,用在将来时的句子里是“将有一天”,与some day/someday可互换。
He will be a scientist some day.总有一天他会成为科学家。
I hope to see you one day/someday.我希望有一天会看到你。
One day last summer they made a trip to the country.
去年夏天某日他们到乡间旅行。
试译:你一定要有一天来看我。
You must come one day to see me.
You must come some day to see me.
You must come to see me someday.
他有一天来看了我。
误:He came some day to see me.
正:He came one day to see me.
6. ...as a part of the “In Search of Roots” summer camp program. (P116)……作为“寻根”夏令营活动的一部分。
in search for是固定短语,for 后面的名词同样必须是“寻找的目标”,不是“搜寻的对象”。search前常出现a 或one’s等词对search加以限定或修饰,这个短语也常作目的状语。
The soldiers were sent in a search for the missing aircraft.
士兵们被派去搜寻失踪的飞机。
So far, they have been unlucky in their search for gold and have no money at all.
到现在为止,他们寻找金子的运气一直不好,而且他们身上也没钱了。
知识拓展
search的基本用法
(1)search的动词用法。
◎ search不与介词或副词搭配时是及物动词,表示“搜查”的意思,其后通常接处所或人物名词,表示搜查的对象。
He even searched my home without any reason.
他甚至毫无理由地搜查了我的家。
I’ve searched my memory, but can’t remember that man’s name.
我苦思良久,仍然记不起那人的名字。
They searched every part of the building. 他们对全楼进行了搜查。
◎ search用不及物动词,后面接介词for 和after,构成及物性动词短语,两者是“搜寻,寻找”的意思,表示花费极大的气力去搜寻某个特定的目标,常含有对立或不对立的意味,两者可以通用,只不过search for 更常见些。
For a whole day they searched for/after the lost child.
他们找了一天这个丢失的孩子。
7. ...and so far has brought thousands of overseas Chinese students... (P116) ……到目前为止,它带来了成千上万的海外华裔学生……
so far 意思是“到目前为止”,常用于完成时,表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在,强调到目前为止的情况,可位于句首,也可位于句末。
So far, no man has traveled farther than the moon.
到现在为止,还没有人到过比月球更远的地方。
How many travelers have been to Disneyland so far?
到现在为止有多少旅客到过迪斯尼乐园?
So far we haven’t got any news from them.
到目前为止,我们还没有得到他们的任何消息。
8. Most, like Robert, can hardly speak any Chinese, and have never been to China before. (P116) 像罗伯特一样,大多数人几乎都不会说中文,而且以前从来没有到过中国。
(1)hardly是一个否定副词,表示“几乎不,简直不”,相当于almost not,含有否定的意义,故在句中不能另加否定词。切莫将hardly误认为是由hard+ly构成的副词。此外,hardly 位于句首时,要用倒装语序。
I hardly know what to say. 我简直不知道说什么好。
Hardly can I move this heavy desk. 我简直移不动这张重桌子。
— Can you catch what I said?你能听懂我说的话吗?
— Sorry, I can hardly understand it.对不起,我几乎听不懂。
(2)have been后面接to表示某人“去过某地,现在已经回来了”,可用于各种人称。
Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你曾经去过上海吗?
He has been to America twice. 他到美国去过两次。
have gone to与have been in的用法
have gone 表示某人“去某地了”,不论是在途中还是到了目的地,重点是强调这个人已经不在说话人所在的地方了,常用于第三人称;have been in,则表示一直“呆在某个地方”,常与表示一段时间状语连用。
Henry has gone to London. 亨利到伦敦去了。
They have been in Beijing for two weeks.
他们在北京已经有两个星期了。
10. Thanks to In Search of Roots... (P116)多亏“寻根”……
【知识归纳】thanks, thanks to与thanks for的用法
◎ thanks是名词thank的复数形式,意为“感谢”。表示“感谢”之意,可以说:
Thanks a lot.
Many thanks.
A thousand thanks.
◎ thanks to是介词词组,后面可以接名词或代词,意为“多亏”;“由于”,在句中作原因状语。
Thanks to the old man, we found the lost child at last.
多亏那个老人,我们最后找到了失踪的孩子。
◎ thanks for用于对别人已做的事表示感谢,后接名词,代词,或v-ing形式。
Thanks for sending me such a nice present.谢谢你寄来这么好的礼品。
A thousand thanks for your help.非常感谢你的帮助。
Unit 15
1. In 1972, it was discovered that they are endangered.(P119) 1972年,人们发现它们已经濒于灭绝。
was discovered是一般过去时的被动语态,discover“发现”,近义词为find和invent。
discover, invent与find
◎discover指发现过去所不知道的东西,新奇或意外的东西。
Coal was first discovered and used in China.
中国首先发现并使用了煤。
Columbus discovered America on the 12th of October, 1492.
1492年10月12日,哥伦布发现了美洲。
◎invent意为“发明”,即创造出以前从未存在过的东西。
Edison invented the electric lamp.爱迪生发明了电灯。
Radio had just been invented then.那时无线电刚刚发明出来。
◎find意为“找到”,侧重于找到过去丢失的人或物,但有时也表示凭经验或偶然发现了一种东西。
Today, corn is found all over the world.今天,全世界都有了玉米。
She found him a very good pupil.她发现他是个非常好的学生。
◎有时find和discover可以互相替代,意思相同。
His notebook was found/discovered in the desk.
他的笔记本是在课桌里找到的。
2. Some of the swamps have become polluted. (P119)一些沼泽地受到了污染。
have become polluted 中的become是连系动词,polluted是过去分词。这种“系动词+过去分词”结构,意思上也接近被动语态。
The slodier got wounded(接近were wounded)in the battle.
这几名战士在这场战斗中受了伤。
A few minutes later, the ground became/was covered with snow.
几分钟后地上尽是雪。
3. They provide homes for many endangered animals... (P120)他们为许多濒临灭绝的动物提供家园……
provide是及物动词,意为“提供”,“供给”。表示“提供……人……物件”是provide...with...;“提供……给……人”是provide...for...。
The school provides us with all the materials we need.
学校提供我们所需要的一切资料。
We are provided with everything we need for work.
我们被提供了工作所需要的一切。
The school provides all the books we need for us.
学校为我们提供我们需要的书籍。
◎ provide for是“供养”的意思。
He has a large family to provide for. 他要养活一个大家庭。
4. ...and help to educate the public about caring for them. (P120)……并且帮助教育公众关爱它们。
care for表示“喜欢”,“关心”之意,后接名词或v-ing形式作宾语,take care of也有这个意思。
He cared nothing for skating. 他对滑冰没有兴趣。
In our class, we care for each other. 在我们班上,我们相互关心。
Maria takes good care of everybody. 玛丽亚很关心大家。
care for还可以表示“照顾”,“照料”,相当于take care of或look after。
At night he fed and cared for the cattle. 夜里他照料牲口,给牲口喂食。
You must care for yourselves.
=You must look after yourselves.
你们要照顾好自己。
The children are well cared for in the nurseries.
=The children are taken good care of in the nurseries.
孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。
5. turn off the shower while you are washing your hair. (P121)洗头的时候关掉淋浴。
(1)turn off表示“关掉”,用在关掉收音机,煤气,自来水等场合。与其相关的几个短语是turn on“打开”,turn down“关小”,turn up“开大”。
(2)句中while与when是同义词,都可以用从属连词,引导状语从句表示时间,意思都是“当(在)……的时候”,但二者之间是有区别的。
while与when的用法
◎ when的含义是at or during the time that,既可用于指一点时间(从句的谓语动词需用终止性动词),也可用于指一段时间(从句的谓语动词用延续性动词),从句与主句里面的谓语动词所表示的动作或状态能同时发生,或一先一后发生。
He wants to help people when they are ill.
他想在人们生病的时候帮助他们。
When he got to Shanghai, the ship had already set off.
他到达上海时,轮船已经开走了。
◎ while的含义是during the time that,只能用于指一段时间(从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的),从句与主句里面的谓语动词所表示的动作只能同时发生,不能一先一后发生。
While I was reading, my mother was washing clothes.
我读书时,妈妈在洗衣服。
◎这两个词还可以用作并列连词。when表示“在那时”或“这时突然”,相当于and just at that time的意思,用来连接两个并列分句,有时when分句之前有逗号把前后两个分句分开。
I stayed till sunset, when it began to rain.
我一直呆到太阳下山,这时天开始下雨了。
◎ while意为“而”,“却”,表示对照关系。
Some like collecting stamps, while others like planting flowers.
有些人喜欢集邮,而有些人却喜欢种花。
6. You have probably never heard of Amy Winterbourne. (P122) 你可能从来没有听说过Amy Winterbourne。
【知识归纳】hear, hear from, hear of与hear that clause的用法:
(1)hear单独使用表示“听见”,“听到”,常用的结构有:
◎ hear sb/sth“听到某人或某物的声音”。
I can’t hear you at all. 我根本就听不到你的声音。
Haven’t you heard anything? 难道你没有听到什么声音?
◎ hear sb do sth“听到某人做某事”。
I often hear Li Ping read English in the morning.
我经常在早晨听到李平读英语。
◎ hear sb doing sth“听到某人正在做某事”。
I heard him singing in the next room.我听见他正在隔壁房间里唱歌。
特别提示
hear sb do sth指听到整个行动或整个事件;而hear sb doing sth是指听到了行动的一部分,有正在发生的意思。试比较:
I heard the boy go down the stairs.我听到这个男孩走下楼去。
I heard the boy going down the stairs我听到这个男孩下楼的声音。
(2)hear from意为“收到……的信”;“得到……消息”。
How often do you hear from your father? 你每隔多久收到你父亲的信?
Have you still not heard from him? 你还没有收到他的信吗?
I haven’t heard from him since he telephoned.
自从他打电话以来,我一直没有他的消息。
特别提示
hear from的宾语是表示人的名词或代词,而不是表示信件的名词。
纠错:
我们好几个星期未收到他的信了。
误:We haven’t heard from his letter for weeks.
正:We haven’t heard from him for weeks.
正:We haven’t got a letter from him for weeks.
(3)hear of意为“听说”,后面接名词,代词或动名词。
I’ve never heard of that before.我以前从未听说过那件事。
She disappeared and was never heard of again.
她不知去向了,再未听到她的消息。
(4)hear接从句,是“听说”的意思。
One day, the Smiths heard that there was a good doctor in a town not far away.
一天,史密斯一家听说不远的镇里有一位好医生。
I hear that one of the pandas has a baby.
我听说其中一只熊猫生了个熊猫宝宝。
7. She is a most unusual woman. (P122)她是一个十分不寻常的女性。
【知识归纳】a most, the most与most的用法
(1)a most的用法。在“a most+形容词+名词”结构中,most是副词,意为“很,非常”,相当于very,用来修饰它后面的形容词,本句就是这一用法。
Guilin is a most beautiful city.桂林是座非常美丽的城市。
This is a most interesting story.这是一个非常有趣的故事。
(2)the most 的用法
◎在“the most+形容词+名词”结构中,most 是副词,表示程度,意为“最”,与其后的形容词一起构成形容词的最高级。
He is one of the most famous writers in China. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。
This is the most difficult (one) of the three. 这是这三者中最难的。
◎在“动词+the most”结构中,most 也是副词,其作用和意思是“最”其位置通常在动词后。
They like English the most. 他们最喜欢英语。
(3)most 通常有三种用法
◎在“most+副词或形容词”结构中,most 是副词,意为“很,非常,十分”。
I shall most certainly go there. 我十分肯定会到那里去。
◎在“most+名词”结构中,most 是形容词,意为“大部分的,大多数”或“最多的”。
Most students like English. 大多数学生喜欢英语。
Who has (the) most books among you?你们中谁的书最多?
8. The walls are made from old glass bottles that are glued together. (P122) 墙是由旧玻璃瓶粘在一起建成的。
be made from/of意为“由……(原料)制成”,后面一般接物质名词。接from则表示某物品制成后,已看不出原材料是什么,原材料在制作过程中已起了化学变化;接of表示某物品制成后,仍可看得出原材料,其原料在制作过程中仅起了物理变化。
Nylon is made from air, coal and water.尼龙是由空气,煤和水加工制成的。
Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。
The desk is made of wood. 这桌子是由木头做的。
The shoes are made of cloth.这鞋子是用布做的。
知识拓展
◎ be made up of表示某物或某组织由一种种成分或一个个成员组成。
The world is made up of matter.世界是由物质构成的。
A TV set is made up of hundreds of different parts.
电视机是由数百个不同的零件组装成的。
◎ be made into意为“把……做成……”,主语在意义上为原材料,介词宾语在意义上为制成品。
Bamboo is also made into paper.竹子也可以用来造纸。
◎be made in意思是“在……(地点)制造”,介词in后接产地。
This kind of computer is made in the USA.这种电脑是美国制造的。
This printing machine was made in Beijing.这台印刷机是北京生产的。
◎be made by意思是“由……制造”,介词by后跟动作的执行者。
This model ship is made by Uncle Wang. 这个轮船模型是由王叔叔制作的。
9. Amy recently won an award from the Help Save Our Planet Society. (P122)艾米最近获得了“救助地球”协会的奖励。
(1)recently 表示“最近”,既可以用于表示一段时间,也可以表示一点时间,多用于完成时态。
Have you hear from Michael recently?你最近接到迈克尔的来信吗?
Recently he has made quite a few mistakes. 最近他出了不少错。
(2)won a award中award是 “奖”的意思,相关词语有prize,reward和scholarship,这几个词都与“奖”有关。
(3)句中的win表示“赢”奖的意思。
At the national amateur song-writing contest, he won a first-class award.
在全国业余作曲比赛中,他获得了一等奖。
win可表示“赢得比赛,战斗”等,宾语一般是比赛,竞赛,战争等名词,与beat近义。
知识拓展
win与beat的用法
两者在表示“赢”,“胜”的意思时,后面所接的宾语有所不同。“赢比赛或一场战斗”用win;“赢某人”是beat。
We won the match months ago. 几个月前,我们赢得那场比赛。
Which side won the battle? 这一战谁打胜了?
But still we weren’t sure we could beat them.
但是我们还不能肯定我们能打赢他们。
Dick beat John and won the game. 狄克打败了约翰,赢得了比赛。

最终答案:略
 
 
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