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恐龙的习性 英语
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Behavior
Interpretations of dinosaur behavior are generally based on the pose of body fossils and their habitat,computer simulations of their biomechanics,and comparisons with modern animals in similar ecological niches.As such,the current understanding of dinosaur behavior relies on speculation,and will likely remain controversial for the foreseeable future.However,there is general agreement that some behaviors which are common in crocodiles and birds,dinosaurs' closest living relatives,were also common among dinosaurs.
The first potential evidence of herding behavior was the 1878 discovery of 31 Iguanodon dinosaurs which were then thought to have perished together in Bernissart,Belgium,after they fell into a deep,flooded sinkhole and drowned.Other mass death sites have been subsequently discovered.Those,along with multiple trackways,suggest that gregarious behavior was common in many dinosaur species.Trackways of hundreds or even thousands of herbivores indicate that duck-bills (hadrosaurids) may have moved in great herds,like the American Bison or the African Springbok.Sauropod tracks document that these animals traveled in groups composed of several different species,at least in Oxfordshire,England,although there is not evidence for specific herd structures.Dinosaurs may have congregated in herds for defense,for migratory purposes,or to provide protection for their young.The interpretation of dinosaurs as gregarious has also extended to depicting carnivorous theropods as pack hunters working together to bring down large prey.However,this lifestyle is uncommon among the modern relatives of dinosaurs (crocodiles and other reptiles,and birds - Harris's Hawk is a well-documented exception),and the taphonomic evidence suggesting pack hunting in such theropods as Deinonychus and Allosaurus can also be interpreted as the results of fatal disputes between feeding animals,as is seen in many modern diapsid predators.
Jack Horner's 1978 discovery of a Maiasaura ("good mother dinosaur") nesting ground in Montana demonstrated that parental care continued long after birth among the ornithopods.There is also evidence that other Cretaceous-era dinosaurs,like Patagonian titanosaurian sauropods (1997 discovery),also nested in large groups.The Mongolian oviraptorid Citipati was discovered in a chicken-like brooding position in 1993,which may mean it was covered with an insulating layer of feathers that kept the eggs warm.Parental care is also implied by other finds.For example,the fossilized remains of a grouping of Psittacosaurus has been found,consisting of one adult and 34 juveniles; in this case,the large number of juveniles may be due to communal nesting.Additionally,a dinosaur embryo (pertaining to the prosauropod Massospondylus) was found without teeth,indicating that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaur.Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the Isle of Skye in northwestern Scotland.Nests and eggs have been found for most major groups of dinosaurs,and it appears likely that dinosaurs communicated with their young,in a manner similar to modern birds and crocodiles.
The crests and frills of some dinosaurs,like the marginocephalians,theropods and lambeosaurines,may have been too fragile to be used for active defense,so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays,though little is known about dinosaur mating and territorialism.Head wounds from bites suggest that theropods,at least,engaged in active aggressive confrontations.The nature of dinosaur communication also remains enigmatic,and is an active area of research.For example,recent studies suggest that the hollow crests of the lambeosaurines may have functioned as resonance chambers used for a wide range of vocalizations.
From a behavioral standpoint,one of the most valuable dinosaur fossils was discovered in the Gobi Desert in 1971.It included a Velociraptor attacking a Protoceratops,providing evidence that dinosaurs did indeed attack each other.Additional evidence for attacking live prey is the partially-healed tail of an Edmontosaurus,a hadrosaurid dinosaur; the tail is damaged in such a way that shows the animal was bitten by a tyrannosaur but survived.Cannibalism amongst some species of dinosaurs was confirmed by tooth marks found in Madagascar in 2003,involving the theropod Majungasaurus.
Based on current fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as Oryctodromeus,some herbivorous species seem to have led a partially fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle,and some bird-like species may have been arboreal (tree-climbing),most notably primitive dromaeosaurids such as Microraptor and the enigmatic scansoriopterygids.However,most dinosaurs seem to have relied on land-based locomotion.A good understanding of how dinosaurs moved on the ground is key to models of dinosaur behavior; the science of biomechanics,in particular,has provided significant insight in this area.For example,studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have investigated how fast dinosaurs could run,whether diplodocids could create sonic booms via whip-like tail snapping,and whether sauropods could float.
Interpretations of dinosaur behavior are generally based on the pose of body fossils and their habitat,computer simulations of their biomechanics,and comparisons with modern animals in similar ecological niches.As such,the current understanding of dinosaur behavior relies on speculation,and will likely remain controversial for the foreseeable future.However,there is general agreement that some behaviors which are common in crocodiles and birds,dinosaurs' closest living relatives,were also common among dinosaurs.
The first potential evidence of herding behavior was the 1878 discovery of 31 Iguanodon dinosaurs which were then thought to have perished together in Bernissart,Belgium,after they fell into a deep,flooded sinkhole and drowned.Other mass death sites have been subsequently discovered.Those,along with multiple trackways,suggest that gregarious behavior was common in many dinosaur species.Trackways of hundreds or even thousands of herbivores indicate that duck-bills (hadrosaurids) may have moved in great herds,like the American Bison or the African Springbok.Sauropod tracks document that these animals traveled in groups composed of several different species,at least in Oxfordshire,England,although there is not evidence for specific herd structures.Dinosaurs may have congregated in herds for defense,for migratory purposes,or to provide protection for their young.The interpretation of dinosaurs as gregarious has also extended to depicting carnivorous theropods as pack hunters working together to bring down large prey.However,this lifestyle is uncommon among the modern relatives of dinosaurs (crocodiles and other reptiles,and birds - Harris's Hawk is a well-documented exception),and the taphonomic evidence suggesting pack hunting in such theropods as Deinonychus and Allosaurus can also be interpreted as the results of fatal disputes between feeding animals,as is seen in many modern diapsid predators.
Jack Horner's 1978 discovery of a Maiasaura ("good mother dinosaur") nesting ground in Montana demonstrated that parental care continued long after birth among the ornithopods.There is also evidence that other Cretaceous-era dinosaurs,like Patagonian titanosaurian sauropods (1997 discovery),also nested in large groups.The Mongolian oviraptorid Citipati was discovered in a chicken-like brooding position in 1993,which may mean it was covered with an insulating layer of feathers that kept the eggs warm.Parental care is also implied by other finds.For example,the fossilized remains of a grouping of Psittacosaurus has been found,consisting of one adult and 34 juveniles; in this case,the large number of juveniles may be due to communal nesting.Additionally,a dinosaur embryo (pertaining to the prosauropod Massospondylus) was found without teeth,indicating that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaur.Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the Isle of Skye in northwestern Scotland.Nests and eggs have been found for most major groups of dinosaurs,and it appears likely that dinosaurs communicated with their young,in a manner similar to modern birds and crocodiles.
The crests and frills of some dinosaurs,like the marginocephalians,theropods and lambeosaurines,may have been too fragile to be used for active defense,so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays,though little is known about dinosaur mating and territorialism.Head wounds from bites suggest that theropods,at least,engaged in active aggressive confrontations.The nature of dinosaur communication also remains enigmatic,and is an active area of research.For example,recent studies suggest that the hollow crests of the lambeosaurines may have functioned as resonance chambers used for a wide range of vocalizations.
From a behavioral standpoint,one of the most valuable dinosaur fossils was discovered in the Gobi Desert in 1971.It included a Velociraptor attacking a Protoceratops,providing evidence that dinosaurs did indeed attack each other.Additional evidence for attacking live prey is the partially-healed tail of an Edmontosaurus,a hadrosaurid dinosaur; the tail is damaged in such a way that shows the animal was bitten by a tyrannosaur but survived.Cannibalism amongst some species of dinosaurs was confirmed by tooth marks found in Madagascar in 2003,involving the theropod Majungasaurus.
Based on current fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as Oryctodromeus,some herbivorous species seem to have led a partially fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle,and some bird-like species may have been arboreal (tree-climbing),most notably primitive dromaeosaurids such as Microraptor and the enigmatic scansoriopterygids.However,most dinosaurs seem to have relied on land-based locomotion.A good understanding of how dinosaurs moved on the ground is key to models of dinosaur behavior; the science of biomechanics,in particular,has provided significant insight in this area.For example,studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have investigated how fast dinosaurs could run,whether diplodocids could create sonic booms via whip-like tail snapping,and whether sauropods could float.
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